Viscosity index improver for lubricant compositions

ABSTRACT

A lubricant composition comprises a base oil and a viscosity modifier including an ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer. The ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer is a block copolymer having at least a hard block and at least a soft block. The soft block comprises a higher amount of comonomers than the hard block. The block copolymer has a number of unique characteristics disclosed here. Such block copolymers offer the possibility of improved low temperature performance and flexibility in formulating motor oil, gear lubricants and greases, etc.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.60/718,129, filed Sep. 16, 2005, which further claims priority to PCTApplication No. PCT/US2005/008917, filed on Mar. 17, 2005, which in turnclaims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/553,906, filedMar. 17, 2004. For purposes of United States patent practice, thecontents of the provisional applications and the PCT application areherein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to lubricant compositions including a base oiland a viscosity index improver comprising an ethylene/α-olefininterpolymer and processes of making the lubricant compositions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The yearly economic losses related to friction and abrasion areestimated to be about 2-7% of the GDP in developed countries includingthe United States and European countries. A report by the U.S.Department of Energy in 1999 indicated that by adopting various measuresto reduce friction and abrasion, motor vehicles and transmission systemsin the United States save 120 billion U.S. dollars each year. One ofthose measures includes the application of lubricant compositions inmotor vehicles and industrial equipments.

Modern lubricant compositions are widely used in various applicationssuch as motor oils, transmission fluids, gear oils, power steeringfluids, shock absorber fluids, brake fluids, hydraulic fluids andgreases. The lubricant compositions can have various functions such as(1) controlling friction between surfaces of moving parts; (2) reducingwear of moving parts; (3) reducing corrosion of surfaces of movingparts, particularly metal surfaces; (4) damping mechanical shock ingears; and (5) forming a seal on the walls of engine cylinders. Eachlubricant composition can contain a base oil and, depending on theapplication, a combination of additives or modifiers, such as viscosityindex improvers, pour point depressants, dispersants, detergents,anti-wear agents, antioxidants, friction modifiers, rust inhibitors,corrosion inhibitors, demulsifiers and anti-foams.

The viscosity index is commonly used as a measure of the rate of changeof viscosity of a fluid with temperature. This temperature dependency iscommon to all fluids including base oils. In general, the higher theviscosity index, the smaller is the relative change in viscosity withtemperature. The viscosity index (VI) improver or viscosity modifier isused to reduce the temperature dependency of the viscosity of thelubricant compositions so that the lubricant compositions can be usedover a wide temperature range. In the other words, the VI improversprevent the lubricant compositions from becoming too thin at a hightemperature, e.g., hot summer temperatures, and too viscous at a lowtemperature, e.g., cold winter temperatures. Some known VI improversinclude polymethacrylates, olefin copolymers, such as ethylene-propylenecopolymers and ethylene-propylene diene-modified copolymers (EPDMs), andhydrogenated styrenic block copolymers such asstyrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene copolymer (SEBS).

The hydrogenated styrenic block copolymers generally offer goodthickening efficiency and excellent low temperature performance.However, these hydrogenated styrenic block copolymers are relativeexpensive and have limited useful life because of their low shearstability.

The olefin copolymers, such as amorphous ethylene-propylene copolymers,may offer good low temperature performance but poor thickeningefficiency at high temperatures. The comonomer units of olefincopolymers can be distributed in a tapered manner. Generally, thetapered olefin copolymers, such as tapered ethylene-propylene copolymer,are excellent thickeners, have improved low temperature performance, andare able to avoid the undesirable interactions with the base oils.

Although there are many VI improvers available in the market forformulating lubricant compositions, there is always a need for new VIimprovers for lubricant compositions with improved properties andflexibilities.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The aforementioned needs are met by various aspects of the inventions.Lubricant compositions provided herein comprise (i) a base oil; and (ii)an ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer, wherein the ethylene/α-olefininterpolymer:

(a) has a Mw/Mn from about 1.7 to about 3.5, at least one melting point,Tm, in degrees Celsius, and a density, d, in grams/cubic centimeter,wherein the numerical values of Tm and d correspond to the relationship:T _(m)>−2002.9+4538.5(d)−2422.2(d)² or

(b) has a Mw/Mn from about 1.7 to about 3.5, and is characterized by aheat of fusion, ΔH in J/g, and a delta quantity, ΔT, in degrees Celsiusdefined as the temperature difference between the tallest DSC peak andthe tallest CRYSTAF peak, wherein the numerical values of ΔT and ΔH havethe following relationships:ΔT>−0.1299(ΔH)+62.81 for ΔH greater than zero and up to 130 J/g,ΔT≧48° C. for ΔH greater than 130 J/g,wherein the CRYSTAF peak is determined using at least 5 percent of thecumulative polymer, and if less than 5 percent of the polymer has anidentifiable CRYSTAF peak, then the CRYSTAF temperature is 30° C.; or

(c) is characterized by an elastic recovery, Re, in percent at 300percent strain and 1 cycle measured with a compression-molded film ofthe ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer, and has a density, d, in grams/cubiccentimeter, wherein the numerical values of Re and d satisfy thefollowing relationship when ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer issubstantially free of a cross-linked phase:Re>1481−1629(d); or

(d) has a molecular fraction which elutes between 40° C. and 130° C.when fractionated using TREF, characterized in that the fraction has amolar comonomer content of at least 5 percent higher than that of acomparable random ethylene interpolymer fraction eluting between thesame temperatures, wherein said comparable random ethylene interpolymerhas the same comonomer(s) and has a melt index, density, and molarcomonomer content (based on the whole polymer) within 10 percent of thatof the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer; or

(e) has a storage modulus at 25° C., G′(25° C.), and a storage modulusat 100° C., G′(100° C.), wherein the ratio of G′(25° C.) to G′(100° C.)is in the range of about 1:1 to about 9:1. The ethylene/α-olefininterpolymer can have one or any combination of the abovecharacteristics.

In one embodiment, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer has a Mw/Mn fromabout 1.7 to about 3.5, at least one melting point, Tm, in degreesCelsius, and a density, d, in grams/cubic centimeter, wherein thenumerical values of Tm and d correspond to the relationship:Tm≧858.91−1825.3(d)+1112.8(d)².

In another embodiment, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer ischaracterized by an elastic recovery, Re, in percent at 300 percentstrain and 1 cycle measured with a compression-molded film of theethylene/α-olefin interpolymer, and has a density, d, in grams/cubiccentimeter, wherein the numerical values of Re and d satisfy thefollowing relationship when ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer issubstantially free of a cross-linked phase: Re>1481−1629(d),Re>1491−1629(d), Re>1501−1629(d), or Re>1511−1629(d).

In one embodiment, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer has (a) at leastone molecular fraction which elutes between 40° C. and 130° C. whenfractionated using TREF, characterized in that the fraction has a blockindex of at least 0.5 and up to about 1 and a molecular weightdistribution, Mw/Mn, greater than about 1.3 or (b) an average blockindex greater than zero and up to about 1.0 and a molecular weightdistribution, Mw/Mn, greater than about 1.3.

In another embodiment, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer has amolecular fraction which elutes between 40° C. and 130° C. whenfractionated using TREF, characterized in that the fraction has a molarcomonomer content of at least 5 percent higher than that of a comparablerandom ethylene interpolymer fraction eluting between the sametemperatures, wherein said comparable random ethylene interpolymer hasthe same comonomer(s) and has a melt index, density, and molar comonomercontent (based on the whole polymer) within 10 percent of that of theethylene/α-olefin interpolymer.

In one embodiment, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer is a random blockcopolymer comprising at least a hard block and at least a soft block.Further, the random block copolymer can comprise multiple hard blocksand multiple soft blocks, and the hard blocks and soft blocks can berandomly distributed in a polymeric chain.

In another embodiment, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer has a storagemodulus at 25° C., G′(25° C.), and a storage modulus at 100° C., G′(100°C.), wherein the ratio of G′(25° C.) to G′(100° C.) is in the range ofabout 1:1 to about 9:1.

In one embodiment, the α-olefin used in the ethylene/α-olefininterpolymer is styrene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene,4-methyl-1-pentene, norbornene, 1-decene, 1,5-hexadiene, or acombination thereof.

In another embodiment, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer has a meltindex in the range of about 0.1 to about 2000 g/10 minutes, about 2 toabout 1500 g/10 minutes, about 2 to about 1000 g/10 minutes or about 2to about 500 g/10 minutes measured according to ASTM D-1238, Condition190° C./2.16 kg.

In one embodiment, the lubricant compositions comprise the base oilselected from a group consisting of the base stocks of API Groups I, II,III, IV and V and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the base oilis a natural oil, a synthetic oil or a combination thereof.

The lubricant composition can further comprise at least an additive,such as a detergent, a dispersant, a friction modifier, a pour pointdepressant, a demulsifier, an anti-foam, a corrosion inhibitor, ananti-wear agent, an antioxidant, a rust inhibitor, a thickener or acombination thereof.

In one embodiment, the lubricant composition is a motor oil, atransmission fluid, a gear oil, a power steering fluid, a shock absorberfluid, a brake fluid, a hydraulic fluid or a grease. The motor oil canfurther comprise a pour point depressant, a detergent, a dispersant, ananti-wear, an antioxidant, a friction modifier, a rust inhibitor or acombination thereof.

In another embodiment, the lubricant composition is a transmissionfluid. The transmission fluid can further comprise a friction modifier,a detergent, a dispersant, an antioxidant, an anti-wear agent, anextreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, an anti-foam, acorrosion inhibitor or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the lubricant composition is a gear oil. The gear oilcan further comprise an anti-wear, an extreme pressure agent, a rustinhibitor or a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the lubricant composition is a grease. The greasecan further comprise a thickener, a complexing agent, an antioxidant, ananti-wear agent, an extreme pressure agent, an anti-foam, a corrosioninhibitor or a mixture thereof.

Also provided are methods of making the lubricant composition,comprising blending a base oil with an ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer,wherein the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer is as described above andelsewhere herein.

Additional aspects of the invention and characteristics and propertiesof various embodiments of the invention will become apparent with thefollowing description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the melting point/density relationship for the inventivepolymers (represented by diamonds) as compared to traditional randomcopolymers (represented by circles) and Ziegler-Natta copolymers(represented by triangles).

FIG. 2 shows plots of delta DSC-CRYSTAF as a function of DSC MeltEnthalpy for various polymers. The diamonds represent randomethylene/octene copolymers; the squares represent polymer examples 1-4;the triangles represent polymer examples 5-9; and the circles representpolymer examples 10-19. The “X” symbols represent polymer examplesA*-F*.

FIG. 3 shows the effect of density on elastic recovery for unorientedfilms made from inventive interpolymers (represented by the squares andcircles) and traditional copolymers (represented by the triangles whichare Dow AFFINITY® polymers). The squares represent inventiveethylene/butene copolymers; and the circles represent inventiveethylene/octene copolymers.

FIG. 4 is a plot of octene content of TREF fractionatedethylene/1-octene copolymer fractions versus TREF elution temperature ofthe fraction for the polymer of Example 5 (represented by the circles)and Comparative Examples E* and F* (represented by the “X” symbols). Thediamonds represent traditional random ethylene/octene copolymers.

FIG. 5 is a plot of octene content of TREF fractionatedethylene/1-octene copolymer fractions versus TREF elution temperature ofthe fraction for the polymer of Example 5 (curve 1) and for ComparativeExample F* (curve 2). The squares represent Comparative Example F*; andthe triangles represent Example 5.

FIG. 6 is a graph of natural log storage modulus as a function oftemperature for comparative ethylene/1-octene copolymer (curve 2) andethylene/propylene copolymer (curve 3) and for two ethylene/1-octeneblock copolymers of the invention made with differing quantities ofchain shuttling agent (curves 1).

FIG. 7 shows a plot of TMA (1 mm) versus flex modulus for some inventivepolymers (represented by the diamonds), as compared to some knownpolymers. The triangles represent Dow VERSIFY® polymers; the circlesrepresent random ethylene/styrene copolymers; and the squares representDow AFFINITY® polymers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

General Definitions

“Polymer” means a polymeric compound prepared by polymerizing monomers,whether of the same or a different type. The generic term “polymer”embraces the terms “homopolymer,” “copolymer,” “terpolymer” as well as“interpolymer.”

“Interpolymer” means a polymer prepared by the polymerization of atleast two different types of monomers. The generic term “interpolymer”includes the term “copolymer” (which is usually employed to refer to apolymer prepared from two different monomers) as well as the term“terpolymer” (which is usually employed to refer to a polymer preparedfrom three different types of monomers). It also encompasses polymersmade by polymerizing four or more types of monomers.

The term “ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer” generally refers to polymerscomprising ethylene and an α-olefin having 3 or more carbon atoms.Preferably, ethylene comprises the majority mole fraction of the wholepolymer, i.e., ethylene comprises at least about 50 mole percent of thewhole polymer. More preferably ethylene comprises at least about 60 molepercent, at least about 70 mole percent, or at least about 80 molepercent, with the substantial remainder of the whole polymer comprisingat least one other comonomer that is preferably an α-olefin having 3 ormore carbon atoms. For many ethylene/octene copolymers, the preferredcomposition comprises an ethylene content greater than about 80 molepercent of the whole polymer and an octene content of from about 10 toabout 15, preferably from about 15 to about 20 mole percent of the wholepolymer. In some embodiments, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers do notinclude those produced in low yields or in a minor amount or as aby-product of a chemical process. While the ethylene/α-olefininterpolymers can be blended with one or more polymers, the as-producedethylene/α-olefin interpolymers are substantially pure and oftencomprise a major component of the reaction product of a polymerizationprocess.

The ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers comprise ethylene and one or morecopolymerizable α-olefin comonomers in polymerized form, characterizedby multiple blocks or segments of two or more polymerized monomer unitsdiffering in chemical or physical properties. That is, theethylene/α-olefin interpolymers are block interpolymers, preferablymulti-block interpolymers or copolymers. The terms “interpolymer” andcopolymer” are used interchangeably herein. In some embodiments, themulti-block copolymer can be represented by the following formula:(AB)_(n)where n is at least 1, preferably an integer greater than 1, such as 2,3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or higher, “A”represents a hard block or segment and “B” represents a soft block orsegment. Preferably, As and Bs are linked in a substantially linearfashion, as opposed to a substantially branched or substantiallystar-shaped fashion. In other embodiments, A blocks and B blocks arerandomly distributed along the polymer chain. In other words, the blockcopolymers usually do not have a structure as follows.AAA-AA-BBB-BBIn still other embodiments, the block copolymers do not usually have athird type of block, which comprises different comonomer(s). In yetother embodiments, each of block A and block B has monomers orcomonomers substantially randomly distributed within the block. In otherwords, neither block A nor block B comprises two or more sub-segments(or sub-blocks) of distinct composition, such as a tip segment, whichhas a substantially different composition than the rest of the block.

The multi-block polymers typically comprise various amounts of “hard”and “soft” segments. “Hard” segments refer to blocks of polymerizedunits in which ethylene is present in an amount greater than about 95weight percent, and preferably greater than about 98 weight percentbased on the weight of the polymer. In other words, the comonomercontent (content of monomers other than ethylene) in the hard segmentsis less than about 5 weight percent, and preferably less than about 2weight percent based on the weight of the polymer. In some embodiments,the hard segments comprises all or substantially all ethylene. “Soft”segments, on the other hand, refer to blocks of polymerized units inwhich the comonomer content (content of monomers other than ethylene) isgreater than about 5 weight percent, preferably greater than about 8weight percent, greater than about 10 weight percent, or greater thanabout 15 weight percent based on the weight of the polymer. In someembodiments, the comonomer content in the soft segments can be greaterthan about 20 weight percent, greater than about 25 weight percent,greater than about 30 weight percent, greater than about 35 weightpercent, greater than about 40 weight percent, greater than about 45weight percent, greater than about 50 weight percent, or greater thanabout 60 weight percent.

The soft segments can often be present in a block interpolymer fromabout 1 weight percent to about 99 weight percent of the total weight ofthe block interpolymer, preferably from about 5 weight percent to about95 weight percent, from about 10 weight percent to about 90 weightpercent, from about 15 weight percent to about 85 weight percent, fromabout 20 weight percent to about 80 weight percent, from about 25 weightpercent to about 75 weight percent, from about 30 weight percent toabout 70 weight percent, from about 35 weight percent to about 65 weightpercent, from about 40 weight percent to about 60 weight percent, orfrom about 45 weight percent to about 55 weight percent of the totalweight of the block interpolymer. Conversely, the hard segments can bepresent in similar ranges. The soft segment weight percentage and thehard segment weight percentage can be calculated based on data obtainedfrom DSC or NMR. Such methods and calculations are disclosed in aconcurrently filed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/376,835, entitled“Ethylene/α-Olefin Block Interpolymers”, filed on Mar. 15, 2006, in thename of Colin L. P. Shan, Lonnie Hazlitt, et. al. and assigned to DowGlobal Technologies Inc., the disclosure of which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

The term “crystalline” if employed, refers to a polymer that possesses afirst order transition or crystalline melting point (Tm) as determinedby differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or equivalent technique. Theterm may be used interchangeably with the term “semicrystalline”. Theterm “amorphous” refers to a polymer lacking a crystalline melting pointas determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or equivalenttechnique.

The term “multi-block copolymer” or “segmented copolymer” refers to apolymer comprising two or more chemically distinct regions or segments(referred to as “blocks”) preferably joined in a linear manner, that is,a polymer comprising chemically differentiated units which are joinedend-to-end with respect to polymerized ethylenic functionality, ratherthan in pendent or grafted fashion. In a preferred embodiment, theblocks differ in the amount or type of comonomer incorporated therein,the density, the amount of crystallinity, the crystallite sizeattributable to a polymer of such composition, the type or degree oftacticity (isotactic or syndiotactic), regio-regularity orregio-irregularity, the amount of branching, including long chainbranching or hyper-branching, the homogeneity, or any other chemical orphysical property. The multi-block copolymers are characterized byunique distributions of both polydispersity index (PDI or Mw/Mn), blocklength distribution, and/or block number distribution due to the uniqueprocess making of the copolymers. More specifically, when produced in acontinuous process, the polymers desirably possess PDI from 1.7 to 2.9,preferably from 1.8 to 2.5, more preferably from 1.8 to 2.2, and mostpreferably from 1.8 to 2.1. When produced in a batch or semi-batchprocess, the polymers possess PDI from 1.0 to 2.9, preferably from 1.3to 2.5, more preferably from 1.4 to 2.0, and most preferably from 1.4 to1.8.

In the following description, all numbers disclosed herein areapproximate values, regardless whether the word “about” or “approximate”is used in connection therewith. They may vary by 1 percent, 2 percent,5 percent, or, sometimes, 10 to 20 percent. Whenever a numerical rangewith a lower limit, R^(L) and an upper limit, R^(U), is disclosed, anynumber falling within the range is specifically disclosed. Inparticular, the following numbers within the range are specificallydisclosed: R=R^(L)+k*(R^(U)-R^(L)), wherein k is a variable ranging from1 percent to 100 percent with a 1 percent increment, i.e., k is 1percent, 2 percent, 3 percent, 4 percent, 5 percent, . . . , 50 percent,51 percent, 52 percent, . . . , 95 percent, 96 percent, 97 percent, 98percent, 99 percent, or 100 percent. Moreover, any numerical rangedefined by two R numbers as defined in the above is also specificallydisclosed.

Disclosed herein are lubricant compositions comprising:

(a) a base oil; and

(b) an ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer,

wherein the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer has a Mw/Mn from about 1.7 toabout 3.5 and

(i) at least one melting point, Tm, in degrees Celsius and density, d,in grams/cubic centimeter, wherein the numerical values of the variablescorrespond to the relationship:Tm>−2002.9+4538.5(d)−2422.2(d)²; or

(ii) a heat of fusion, ΔH in J/g, and a delta quantity, ΔT, in degreecelsius defined as the difference between the tallest DSC peak minus thetallest CRYSTAF peak, the ΔT and ΔH have the following relationships:ΔT>−0.1299(ΔH)+62.81 for ΔH greater than zero and up to 130 J/g,ΔT=48° C. for ΔH greater than 130 J/g,wherein the CRYSTAF peak is determined using at least 5 percent of thecumulative polymer, and if less than 5 percent of the polymer has anidentifiable CRYSTAF peak, then the CRYSTAF temperature is 30° C. Theethylene/α-olefin interpolymers are characterized by additionalproperties discussed below.

The ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers disclosed herein function as VIimprovers in the lubricant compositions. These ethylene/α-olefininterpolymers provide flexibility in formulating desirable lubricantcompositions by controlling the distribution of the comonomer units andthe degree of crystallinity of the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers.

Ethylene/α-Olefin Inter-Polymers

The ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers used in embodiments of the invention(also referred to as “inventive interpolymer” or “inventive polymer”)comprise ethylene and one or more copolymerizable α-olefin comonomers inpolymerized form, characterized by multiple blocks or segments of two ormore polymerized monomer units differing in chemical or physicalproperties (block interpolymer), preferably a multi-block copolymer. Theethylene/α-olefin interpolymers are characterized by one or more of theaspects described as follows.

In one aspect, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers used in embodimentsof the invention have a M_(w)/M_(n) from about 1.7 to about 3.5 and atleast one melting point, T_(m), in degrees Celsius and density, d, ingrams/cubic centimeter, wherein the numerical values of the variablescorrespond to the relationship:T _(m)>−2002.9+4538.5(d)−2422.2(d)², and preferablyT _(m)≧−6288.1+13141(d)−6720.3(d)², and more preferablyT _(m)≧858.91−1825.3(d)+1112.8(d)².

Such melting point/density relationship is illustrated in FIG. 1. Unlikethe traditional random copolymers of ethylene/α-olefins whose meltingpoints decrease with decreasing densities, the inventive interpolymers(represented by diamonds) exhibit melting points substantiallyindependent of the density, particularly when density is between about0.87 g/cc to about 0.95 g/cc. For example, the melting point of suchpolymers are in the range of about 110° C. to about 130° C. when densityranges from 0.875 g/cc to about 0.945 g/cc. In some embodiments, themelting point of such polymers are in the range of about 115° C. toabout 125° C. when density ranges from 0.875 g/cc to about 0.945 g/cc.

In another aspect, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers comprise, inpolymerized form, ethylene and one or more α-olefins and arecharacterized by a ΔT, in degree Celsius, defined as the temperature forthe tallest Differential Scanning Calorimetry (“DSC”) peak minus thetemperature for the tallest Crystallization Analysis Fractionation(“CRYSTAF”) peak and a heat of fusion in J/g, ΔH, and ΔT and ΔH satisfythe following relationships:ΔT>−0.1299(ΔH)+62.81, and preferablyΔT≧−0.1299(ΔH)+64.38, and more preferablyΔT≧−0.1299(ΔH)+65.95,for ΔH up to 130 J/g. Moreover, ΔT is equal to or greater than 48° C.for ΔH greater than 130 J/g. The CRYSTAF peak is determined using atleast 5 percent of the cumulative polymer (that is, the peak mustrepresent at least 5 percent of the cumulative polymer), and if lessthan 5 percent of the polymer has an identifiable CRYSTAF peak, then theCRYSTAF temperature is 30° C., and ΔH is the numerical value of the heatof fusion in J/g. More preferably, the highest CRYSTAF peak contains atleast 10 percent of the cumulative polymer. FIG. 2 shows plotted datafor inventive polymers as well as comparative examples. Integrated peakareas and peak temperatures are calculated by the computerized drawingprogram supplied by the instrument maker. The diagonal line shown forthe random ethylene octene comparative polymers corresponds to theequation ΔT=−0.1299 (ΔH)+62.81.

In yet another aspect, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers have amolecular fraction which elutes between 40° C. and 130° C. whenfractionated using Temperature Rising Elution Fractionation (“TREF”),characterized in that said fraction has a molar comonomer contenthigher, preferably at least 5 percent higher, more preferably at least10 percent higher, than that of a comparable random ethyleneinterpolymer fraction eluting between the same temperatures, wherein thecomparable random ethylene interpolymer contains the same comonomer(s),and has a melt index, density, and molar comonomer content (based on thewhole polymer) within 10 percent of that of the block interpolymer.Preferably, the Mw/Mn of the comparable interpolymer is also within 10percent of that of the block interpolymer and/or the comparableinterpolymer has a total comonomer content within 10 weight percent ofthat of the block interpolymer.

In still another aspect, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers arecharacterized by an elastic recovery, Re, in percent at 300 percentstrain and 1 cycle measured on a compression-molded film of anethylene/α-olefin interpolymer, and has a density, d, in grams/cubiccentimeter, wherein the numerical values of Re and d satisfy thefollowing relationship when ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer issubstantially free of a cross-linked phase:Re>1481−1629(d); and preferablyRe≧1491−1629(d); and more preferablyRe≧1501−1629(d); and even more preferablyRe≧1511−1629(d).

FIG. 3 shows the effect of density on elastic recovery for unorientedfilms made from certain inventive interpolymers and traditional randomcopolymers. For the same density, the inventive interpolymers havesubstantially higher elastic recoveries.

In some embodiments, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers have a tensilestrength above 10 MPa, preferably a tensile strength ≧11 MPa, morepreferably a tensile strength ≧13 MPa and/or an elongation at break ofat least 600 percent, more preferably at least 700 percent, highlypreferably at least 800 percent, and most highly preferably at least 900percent at a crosshead separation rate of 11 cm/minute.

In other embodiments, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers have (1) astorage modulus ratio, G′(25° C.)/G′(100° C.), of from 1 to 50,preferably from 1 to 20, more preferably from 1 to 10; and/or (2) a 70°C. compression set of less than 80 percent, preferably less than 70percent, especially less than 60 percent, less than 50 percent, or lessthan 40 percent, down to a compression set of 0 percent.

In still other embodiments, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers have a70° C. compression set of less than 80 percent, less than 70 percent,less than 60 percent, or less than 50 percent. Preferably, the 70° C.compression set of the interpolymers is less than 40 percent, less than30 percent, less than 20 percent, and may go down to about 0 percent.

In some embodiments, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers have a heat offusion of less than 85 J/g and/or a pellet blocking strength of equal toor less than 100 pounds/foot² (4800 Pa), preferably equal to or lessthan 50 lbs/ft² (2400 Pa), especially equal to or less than 5 lbs/ft²(240 Pa), and as low as 0 lbs/ft² (0 Pa).

In other embodiments, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers comprise, inpolymerized form, at least 50 mole percent ethylene and have a 70° C.compression set of less than 80 percent, preferably less than 70 percentor less than 60 percent, most preferably less than 40 to 50 percent anddown to close zero percent.

In some embodiments, the multi-block copolymers possess a PDI fitting aSchultz-Flory distribution rather than a Poisson distribution. Thecopolymers are further characterized as having both a polydisperse blockdistribution and a polydisperse distribution of block sizes andpossessing a most probable distribution of block lengths. Preferredmulti-block copolymers are those containing 4 or more blocks or segmentsincluding terminal blocks. More preferably, the copolymers include atleast 5, 10 or 20 blocks or segments including terminal blocks.

Comonomer content may be measured using any suitable technique, withtechniques based on nuclear magnetic resonance (“NMR”) spectroscopypreferred. Moreover, for polymers or blends of polymers havingrelatively broad TREF curves, the polymer desirably is firstfractionated using TREF into fractions each having an eluted temperaturerange of 10° C. or less. That is, each eluted fraction has a collectiontemperature window of 10° C. or less. Using this technique, said blockinterpolymers have at least one such fraction having a higher molarcomonomer content than a corresponding fraction of the comparableinterpolymer.

In another aspect, the inventive polymer is an olefin interpolymer,preferably comprising ethylene and one or more copolymerizablecomonomers in polymerized form, characterized by multiple blocks (i.e.,at least two blocks) or segments of two or more polymerized monomerunits differing in chemical or physical properties (blockedinterpolymer), most preferably a multi-block copolymer, said blockinterpolymer having a peak (but not just a molecular fraction) whichelutes between 40° C. and 130° C. (but without collecting and/orisolating individual fractions), characterized in that said peak, has acomonomer content estimated by infra-red spectroscopy when expandedusing a full width/half maximum (FWHM) area calculation, has an averagemolar comonomer content higher, preferably at least 5 percent higher,more preferably at least 10 percent higher, than that of a comparablerandom ethylene interpolymer peak at the same elution temperature andexpanded using a full width/half maximum (FWHM) area calculation,wherein said comparable random ethylene interpolymer has the samecomonomer(s) and has a melt index, density, and molar comonomer content(based on the whole polymer) within 10 percent of that of the blockedinterpolymer. Preferably, the Mw/Mn of the comparable interpolymer isalso within 10 percent of that of the blocked interpolymer and/or thecomparable interpolymer has a total comonomer content within 10 weightpercent of that of the blocked interpolymer. The full width/half maximum(FWHM) calculation is based on the ratio of methyl to methylene responsearea [CH₃/CH₂] from the ATREF infra-red detector, wherein the tallest(highest) peak is identified from the base line, and then the FWHM areais determined. For a distribution measured using an ATREF peak, the FWHMarea is defined as the area under the curve between T₁ and T₂, where T₁and T₂ are points determined, to the left and right of the ATREF peak,by dividing the peak height by two, and then drawing a line horizontalto the base line, that intersects the left and right portions of theATREF curve. A calibration curve for comonomer content is made usingrandom ethylene/α-olefin copolymers, plotting comonomer content from NMRversus FWHM area ratio of the TREF peak. For this infra-red method, thecalibration curve is generated for the same comonomer type of interest.The comonomer content of TREF peak of the inventive polymer can bedetermined by referencing this calibration curve using its FWHM methyl:methylene area ratio [CH₃/CH₂] of the TREF peak.

Comonomer content may be measured using any suitable technique, withtechniques based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopypreferred. Using this technique, said blocked interpolymers has highermolar comonomer content than a corresponding comparable interpolymer.

Preferably, for interpolymers of ethylene and 1-octene, the blockinterpolymer has a comonomer content of the TREF fraction elutingbetween 40 and 130° C. greater than or equal to the quantity (−0.2013)T+20.07, more preferably greater than or equal to the quantity (−0.2013)T+21.07, where T is the numerical value of the peak elution temperatureof the TREF fraction being compared, measured in ° C.

FIG. 4 graphically depicts an embodiment of the block interpolymers ofethylene and 1-octene where a plot of the comonomer content versus TREFelution temperature for several comparable ethylene/1-octeneinterpolymers (random copolymers) are fit to a line representing(−0.2013) T+20.07 (solid line). The line for the equation (−0.2013)T+21.07 is depicted by a dotted line. Also depicted are the comonomercontents for fractions of several block ethylene/1-octene interpolymersof the invention (multi-block copolymers). All of the block interpolymerfractions have significantly higher 1-octene content than either line atequivalent elution temperatures. This result is characteristic of theinventive interpolymer and is believed to be due to the presence ofdifferentiated blocks within the polymer chains, having both crystallineand amorphous nature.

FIG. 5 graphically displays the TREF curve and comonomer contents ofpolymer fractions for Example 5 and Comparative Example F* to bediscussed below. The peak eluting from 40 to 130° C., preferably from60° C. to 95° C. for both polymers is fractionated into three parts,each part eluting over a temperature range of less than 10° C. Actualdata for Example 5 is represented by triangles. The skilled artisan canappreciate that an appropriate calibration curve may be constructed forinterpolymers containing different comonomers and a line used as acomparison fitted to the TREF values obtained from comparativeinterpolymers of the same monomers, preferably random copolymers madeusing a metallocene or other homogeneous catalyst composition. Inventiveinterpolymers are characterized by a molar comonomer content greaterthan the value determined from the calibration curve at the same TREFelution temperature, preferably at least 5 percent greater, morepreferably at least 10 percent greater.

In addition to the above aspects and properties described herein, theinventive polymers can be characterized by one or more additionalcharacteristics. In one aspect, the inventive polymer is an olefininterpolymer, preferably comprising ethylene and one or morecopolymerizable comonomers in polymerized form, characterized bymultiple blocks or segments of two or more polymerized monomer unitsdiffering in chemical or physical properties (blocked interpolymer),most preferably a multi-block copolymer, said block interpolymer havinga molecular fraction which elutes between 40° C. and 130° C., whenfractionated using TREF increments, characterized in that said fractionhas a molar comonomer content higher, preferably at least 5 percenthigher, more preferably at least 10, 15, 20 or 25 percent higher, thanthat of a comparable random ethylene interpolymer fraction elutingbetween the same temperatures, wherein said comparable random ethyleneinterpolymer comprises the same comonomer(s), preferably it is the samecomonomer(s), and a melt index, density, and molar comonomer content(based on the whole polymer) within 10 percent of that of the blockedinterpolymer. Preferably, the Mw/Mn of the comparable interpolymer isalso within 10 percent of that of the blocked interpolymer and/or thecomparable interpolymer has a total comonomer content within 10 weightpercent of that of the blocked interpolymer.

Preferably, the above interpolymers are interpolymers of ethylene and atleast one α-olefin, especially those interpolymers having a wholepolymer density from about 0.855 to about 0.935 g/cm³, and moreespecially for polymers having more than about 1 mole percent comonomer,the blocked interpolymer has a comonomer content of the TREF fractioneluting between 40 and 130° C. greater than or equal to the quantity(−0.1356) T+13.89, more preferably greater than or equal to the quantity(−0.1356) T+14.93, and most preferably greater than or equal to thequantity (−0.2013)T+21.07, where T is the numerical value of the peakATREF elution temperature of the TREF fraction being compared, measuredin ° C.

Preferably, for the above interpolymers of ethylene and at least onealpha-olefin especially those interpolymers having a whole polymerdensity from about 0.855 to about 0.935 g/cm³, and more especially forpolymers having more than about 1 mole percent comonomer, the blockedinterpolymer has a comonomer content of the TREF fraction elutingbetween 40 and 130° C. greater than or equal to the quantity (−0.2013)T+20.07, more preferably greater than or equal to the quantity (−0.2013)T+21.07, where T is the numerical value of the peak elution temperatureof the TREF fraction being compared, measured in ° C.

In still another aspect, the inventive polymer is an olefininterpolymer, preferably comprising ethylene and one or morecopolymerizable comonomers in polymerized form, characterized bymultiple blocks or segments of two or more polymerized monomer unitsdiffering in chemical or physical properties (blocked interpolymer),most preferably a multi-block copolymer, said block interpolymer havinga molecular fraction which elutes between 40° C. and 130° C., whenfractionated using TREF increments, characterized in that every fractionhaving a comonomer content of at least about 6 mole percent, has amelting point greater than about 100° C. For those fractions having acomonomer content from about 3 mole percent to about 6 mole percent,every fraction has a DSC melting point of about 110° C. or higher. Morepreferably, said polymer fractions, having at least 1 mol percentcomonomer, has a DSC melting point that corresponds to the equation:Tm≧(−5.5926)(mol percent comonomer in the fraction)+135.90.

In yet another aspect, the inventive polymer is an olefin interpolymer,preferably comprising ethylene and one or more copolymerizablecomonomers in polymerized form, characterized by multiple blocks orsegments of two or more polymerized monomer units differing in chemicalor physical properties (blocked interpolymer), most preferably amulti-block copolymer, said block interpolymer having a molecularfraction which elutes between 40° C. and 130° C., when fractionatedusing TREF increments, characterized in that every fraction that has anATREF elution temperature greater than or equal to about 76° C., has amelt enthalpy (heat of fusion) as measured by DSC, corresponding to theequation:Heat of fusion (J/gm)≦(3.1718)(ATREF elution temperature inCelsius)−136.58,

The inventive block interpolymers have a molecular fraction which elutesbetween 40° C. and 130° C., when fractionated using TREF increments,characterized in that every fraction that has an ATREF elutiontemperature between 40° C. and less than about 76° C., has a meltenthalpy (heat of fusion) as measured by DSC, corresponding to theequation:Heat of fusion (J/gm)≦(1.1312)(ATREF elution temperature inCelsius)+22.97.ATREF Peak Comonomer Composition Measurement by Infra-Red Detector

The comonomer composition of the TREF peak can be measured using an IR4infra-red detector available from Polymer Char, Valencia, Spain(http://www.polymerchar.com/).

The “composition mode” of the detector is equipped with a measurementsensor (CH₂) and composition sensor (CH₃) that are fixed narrow bandinfra-red filters in the region of 2800-3000 cm⁻¹. The measurementsensor detects the methylene (CH₂) carbons on the polymer (whichdirectly relates to the polymer concentration in solution) while thecomposition sensor detects the methyl (CH₃) groups of the polymer. Themathematical ratio of the composition signal (CH₃) divided by themeasurement signal (CH₂) is sensitive to the comonomer content of themeasured polymer in solution and its response is calibrated with knownethylene alpha-olefin copolymer standards.

The detector when used with an ATREF instrument provides both aconcentration (CH₂) and composition (CH₃) signal response of the elutedpolymer during the TREF process. A polymer specific calibration can becreated by measuring the area ratio of the CH₃ to CH₂ for polymers withknown comonomer content (preferably measured by NMR). The comonomercontent of an ATREF peak of a polymer can be estimated by applying a thereference calibration of the ratio of the areas for the individual CH₃and CH₂ response (i.e. area ratio CH₃/CH₂ versus comonomer content).

The area of the peaks can be calculated using a full width/half maximum(FWHM) calculation after applying the appropriate baselines to integratethe individual signal responses from the TREF chromatogram. The fullwidth/half maximum calculation is based on the ratio of methyl tomethylene response area [CH₃/CH₂] from the ATREF infra-red detector,wherein the tallest (highest) peak is identified from the base line, andthen the FWHM area is determined. For a distribution measured using anATREF peak, the FWHM area is defined as the area under the curve betweenT1 and T2, where T1 and T2 are points determined, to the left and rightof the ATREF peak, by dividing the peak height by two, and then drawinga line horizontal to the base line, that intersects the left and rightportions of the ATREF curve.

The application of infra-red spectroscopy to measure the comonomercontent of polymers in this ATREF-infra-red method is, in principle,similar to that of GPC/FTIR systems as described in the followingreferences: Markovich, Ronald P.; Hazlitt, Lonnie G.; Smith, Linley;“Development of gel-permeation chromatography-Fourier transform infraredspectroscopy for characterization of ethylene-based polyolefincopolymers”. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (1991), 65,98-100.; and Deslauriers, P. J.; Rohlfing, D. C.; Shieh, E. T.;“Quantifying short chain branching microstructures in ethylene-1-olefincopolymers using size exclusion chromatography and Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy (SEC-FTIR)”, Polymer (2002), 43, 59-170., both ofwhich are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

In other embodiments, the inventive ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer ischaracterized by an average block index, ABI, which is greater than zeroand up to about 1.0 and a molecular weight distribution, M_(w)/M_(n),greater than about 1.3. The average block index, ABI, is the weightaverage of the block index (“BI”) for each of the polymer fractionsobtained in preparative TREF from 20° C. and 110° C., with an incrementof 5° C.:ABI=Σ(w _(i) BI _(i))

-   -   where BI_(i) is the block index for the ith fraction of the        inventive ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer obtained in preparative        TREF, and w_(i) is the weight percentage of the ith fraction.

For each polymer fraction, BI is defined by one of the two followingequations (both of which give the same BI value):

${BI} = {{\frac{{1/T_{X}} - {1/T_{XO}}}{{1/T_{A}} - {1/T_{AB}}}\mspace{14mu}{or}\mspace{14mu}{BI}} = {- \frac{{L\; n\; P_{X}} - {LnP}_{XO}}{{LnP}_{A} - {LnP}_{AB}}}}$

-   -   where T_(X) is the preparative ATREF elution temperature for the        ith fraction (preferably expressed in Kelvin), P_(X) is the        ethylene mole fraction for the ith fraction, which can be        measured by NMR or IR as described above. P_(AB) is the ethylene        mole fraction of the whole ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer        (before fractionation), which also can be measured by NMR or IR.        T_(A) and P_(A) are the ATREF elution temperature and the        ethylene mole fraction for pure “hard segments” (which refer to        the crystalline segments of the interpolymer). As a first order        approximation, the T_(A) and P_(A) values are set to those for        high density polyethylene homopolymer, if the actual values for        the “hard segments” are not available. For calculations        performed herein, T_(A) is 372° K., P_(A) is 1.

T_(AB) is the ATREF temperature for a random copolymer of the samecomposition and having an ethylene mole fraction of P_(AB). T_(AB) canbe calculated from the following equation:Ln P _(AB) =α/T _(AB)+β

-   -   where α and β are two constants which can be determined by        calibration using a number of known random ethylene copolymers.        It should be noted that α and β may vary from instrument to        instrument. Moreover, one would need to create their own        calibration curve with the polymer composition of interest and        also in a similar molecular weight range as the fractions. There        is a slight molecular weight effect. If the calibration curve is        obtained from similar molecular weight ranges, such effect would        be essentially negligible. In some embodiments, random ethylene        copolymers satisfy the following relationship:        Ln P=−237.83/T _(ATREF)+0.639    -   T_(XO) is the ATREF temperature for a random copolymer of the        same composition and having an ethylene mole fraction of P_(X).        T_(XO) can be calculated from LnP_(X)=α/T_(XO)+β. Conversely,        P_(XO) is the ethylene mole fraction for a random copolymer of        the same composition and having an ATREF temperature of T_(X),        which can be calculated from Ln P_(XO)=α/T_(X)+β.

Once the block index (BI) for each preparative TREF fraction isobtained, the weight average block index, ABI, for the whole polymer canbe calculated. In some embodiments, ABI is greater than zero but lessthan about 0.3 or from about 0.1 to about 0.3. In other embodiments, ABIis greater than about 0.3 and up to about 1.0. Preferably, ABI should bein the range of from about 0.4 to about 0.7, from about 0.5 to about0.7, or from about 0.6 to about 0.9. In some embodiments, ABI is in therange of from about 0.3 to about 0.9, from about 0.3 to about 0.8, orfrom about 0.3 to about 0.7, from about 0.3 to about 0.6, from about 0.3to about 0.5, or from about 0.3 to about 0.4. In other embodiments, ABIis in the range of from about 0.4 to about 1.0, from about 0.5 to about1.0, or from about 0.6 to about 1.0, from about 0.7 to about 1.0, fromabout 0.8 to about 1.0, or from about 0.9 to about 1.0.

Another characteristic of the inventive ethylene/α-olefin interpolymeris that the inventive ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer comprises at leastone polymer fraction which can be obtained by preparative TREF, whereinthe fraction has a block index greater than about 0.1 and up to about1.0 and a molecular weight distribution, M_(w)/M_(n), greater than about1.3. In some embodiments, the polymer fraction has a block index greaterthan about 0.6 and up to about 1.0, greater than about 0.7 and up toabout 1.0, greater than about 0.8 and up to about 1.0, or greater thanabout 0.9 and up to about 1.0. In other embodiments, the polymerfraction has a block index greater than about 0.1 and up to about 1.0,greater than about 0.2 and up to about 1.0, greater than about 0.3 andup to about 1.0, greater than about 0.4 and up to about 1.0, or greaterthan about 0.4 and up to about 1.0. In still other embodiments, thepolymer fraction has a block index greater than about 0.1 and up toabout 0.5, greater than about 0.2 and up to about 0.5, greater thanabout 0.3 and up to about 0.5, or greater than about 0.4 and up to about0.5. In yet other embodiments, the polymer fraction has a block indexgreater than about 0.2 and up to about 0.9, greater than about 0.3 andup to about 0.8, greater than about 0.4 and up to about 0.7, or greaterthan about 0.5 and up to about 0.6.

For copolymers of ethylene and an α-olefin, the inventive polymerspreferably possess (1) a PDI of at least 1.3, more preferably at least1.5, at least 1.7, or at least 2.0, and most preferably at least 2.6, upto a maximum value of 5.0, more preferably up to a maximum of 3.5, andespecially up to a maximum of 2.7; (2) a heat of fusion of 80 J/g orless; (3) an ethylene content of at least 50 weight percent; (4) a glasstransition temperature, T_(g), of less than −25° C., more preferablyless than −30° C., and/or (5) one and only one T_(m).

Further, the inventive polymers can have, alone or in combination withany other properties disclosed herein, a storage modulus, G′, such thatlog (G′) is greater than or equal to 400 kPa, preferably greater than orequal to 1.0 MPa, at a temperature of 100° C. Moreover, the inventivepolymers possess a relatively flat storage modulus as a function oftemperature in the range from 0 to 100° C. (illustrated in FIG. 6) thatis characteristic of block copolymers, and heretofore unknown for anolefin copolymer, especially a copolymer of ethylene and one or moreC₃₋₈ aliphatic α-olefins. (By the term “relatively flat” in this contextis meant that log G′ (in Pascals) decreases by less than one order ofmagnitude between 50 and 100° C., preferably between 0 and 100° C.).

The inventive interpolymers may be further characterized by athermomechanical analysis penetration depth of 1 mm at a temperature ofat least 90° C. as well as a flexural modulus of from 3 kpsi (20 MPa) to13 kpsi (90 MPa). Alternatively, the inventive interpolymers can have athermomechanical analysis penetration depth of 1 mm at a temperature ofat least 104° C. as well as a flexural modulus of at least 3 kpsi (20MPa). They may be characterized as having an abrasion resistance (orvolume loss) of less than 90 mm³. FIG. 7 shows the TMA (1 mm) versusflex modulus for the inventive polymers, as compared to other knownpolymers. The inventive polymers have significantly betterflexibility-heat resistance balance than the other polymers.

Additionally, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers can have a melt index,I₂, from 0.01 to 2000 g/10 minutes, preferably from 0.01 to 1000 g/10minutes, more preferably from 0.01 to 500 g/10 minutes, and especiallyfrom 0.01 to 100 g/10 minutes. In certain embodiments, theethylene/α-olefin interpolymers have a melt index, I₂, from 0.01 to 10g/10 minutes, from 0.5 to 50 g/10 minutes, from 1 to 30 g/10 minutes,from 1 to 6 g/10 minutes or from 0.3 to 10 g/10 minutes. In certainembodiments, the melt index for the ethylene/α-olefin polymers is 1 g/10minutes, 3 g/10 minutes or 5 g/10 minutes.

The polymers can have molecular weights, M_(w), from 1,000 g/mole to5,000,000 g/mole, preferably from 1000 g/mole to 1,000,000, morepreferably from 10,000 g/mole to 500,000 g/mole, and especially from10,000 g/mole to 300,000 g/mole. The density of the inventive polymerscan be from 0.80 to 0.99 g/cm³ and preferably for ethylene containingpolymers from 0.85 g/cm³ to 0.97 g/cm³. In certain embodiments, thedensity of the ethylene/α-olefin polymers ranges from 0.860 to 0.925g/cm³ or 0.867 to 0.910 g/cm³.

The process of making the polymers has been disclosed in the followingpatent applications: U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/553,906, filedMar. 17, 2004; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/662,937, filed Mar.17, 2005; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/662,939, filed Mar. 17,2005; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/5662938, filed Mar. 17, 2005;PCT Application No. PCT/US2005/008916, filed Mar. 17, 2005; PCTApplication No. PCT/US2005/008915, filed Mar. 17, 2005; and PCTApplication No. PCT/US2005/008917, filed Mar. 17, 2005, all of which areincorporated by reference herein in their entirety. For example, onesuch method comprises contacting ethylene and optionally one or moreaddition polymerizable monomers other than ethylene under additionpolymerization conditions with a catalyst composition comprising:

-   -   the admixture or reaction product resulting from combining:    -   (A) a first olefin polymerization catalyst having a high        comonomer incorporation index,    -   (B) a second olefin polymerization catalyst having a comonomer        incorporation index less than 90 percent, preferably less than        50 percent, most preferably less than 5 percent of the comonomer        incorporation index of catalyst (A), and    -   (C) a chain shuttling agent.

Representative catalysts and chain shuttling agent are as follows.

Catalyst (A1) is[N-(2,6-di(1-methylethyl)phenyl)amido)(2-isopropylphenyl)(α-naphthalen-2-diyl(6-pyridin-2-diyl)methane)]hafniumdimethyl, prepared according to the teachings of WO 03/40195,2003US0204017, U.S. Ser. No. 10/429,024, filed May 2, 2003, and WO04/24740.

Catalyst (A2) is[N-(2,6-di(1-methylethyl)phenyl)amido)(2-methylphenyl)(1,2-phenylene-(6-pyridin-2-diyl)methane)]hafniumdimethyl, prepared according to the teachings of WO 03/40195,2003US0204017, U.S. Ser. No. 10/429,024, filed May 2, 2003, and WO04/24740.

Catalyst (A3) isbis[N,N′″-(2,4,6-tri(methylphenyl)amido)ethylenediamine]hafniumdibenzyl.

Catalyst (A4) isbis((2-oxoyl-3-(dibenzo-1H-pyrrole-1-yl)-5-(methyl)phenyl)-2-phenoxymethyl)cyclohexane-1,2-diylzirconium (IV) dibenzyl, prepared substantially according to theteachings of US-A-2004/0010103.

Catalyst (B1) is1,2-bis-(3,5-di-t-butylphenylene)(1-(N-(1-methylethyl)immino)methyl)(2-oxoyl)zirconium dibenzyl

Catalyst (B2) is1,2-bis-(3,5-di-t-butylphenylene)(1-(N-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-immino)methyl)(2-oxoyl)zirconium dibenzyl

Catalyst (C1) is(t-butylamido)dimethyl(3-N-pyrrolyl-1,2,3,3a,7a-η-inden-1-yl)silanetitaniumdimethyl prepared substantially according to the techniques of U.S. Pat.No. 6,268,444:

Catalyst (C2) is(t-butylamido)di(4-methylphenyl)(2-methyl-1,2,3,3a,7a-η-inden-1-yl)silanetitaniumdimethyl prepared substantially according to the teachings ofUS-A-2003/004286:

Catalyst (C3) is(t-butylamido)di(4-methylphenyl)(2-methyl-1,2,3,3a,8a-η-s-indacen-1-yl)silanetitaniumdimethyl prepared substantially according to the teachings ofUS-A-2003/004286:

Catalyst (D1) is bis(dimethyldisiloxane)(indene-1-yl)zirconiumdichloride available from Sigma-Aldrich:

Shuttling Agents The shuttling agents employed include diethylzinc,di(i-butyl)zinc, di(n-hexyl)zinc, triethylaluminum, trioctylaluminum,triethylgallium, i-butylaluminum bis(dimethyl(t-butyl)siloxane),i-butylaluminum bis(di(trimethylsilyl)amide), n-octylaluminumdi(pyridine-2-methoxide), bis(n-octadecyl)i-butylaluminum,i-butylaluminum bis(di(n-pentyl)amide), n-octylaluminumbis(2,6-di-t-butylphenoxide, n-octylaluminum di(ethyl(1-naphthyl)amide),ethylaluminum bis(t-butyldimethylsiloxide), ethylaluminumdi(bis(trimethylsilyl)amide), ethylaluminumbis(2,3,6,7-dibenzo-1-azacycloheptaneamide), n-octylaluminumbis(2,3,6,7-dibenzo-1-azacycloheptaneamide), n-octylaluminumbis(dimethyl(t-butyl)siloxide, ethylzinc (2,6-diphenylphenoxide), andethylzinc (t-butoxide).

Preferably, the foregoing process takes the form of a continuoussolution process for forming block copolymers, especially multi-blockcopolymers, preferably linear multi-block copolymers of two or moremonomers, more especially ethylene and a C₃₋₂₀ olefin or cycloolefin,and most especially ethylene and a C₄₋₂₀ α-olefin, using multiplecatalysts that are incapable of interconversion. That is, the catalystsare chemically distinct. Under continuous solution polymerizationconditions, the process is ideally suited for polymerization of mixturesof monomers at high monomer conversions. Under these polymerizationconditions, shuttling from the chain shuttling agent to the catalystbecomes advantaged compared to chain growth, and multi-block copolymers,especially linear multi-block copolymers are formed in high efficiency.

The inventive interpolymers may be differentiated from conventional,random copolymers, physical blends of polymers, and block copolymersprepared via sequential monomer addition, fluxional catalysts, anionicor cationic living polymerization techniques. In particular, compared toa random copolymer of the same monomers and monomer content atequivalent crystallinity or modulus, the inventive interpolymers havebetter (higher) heat resistance as measured by melting point, higher TMApenetration temperature, higher high-temperature tensile strength,and/or higher high-temperature torsion storage modulus as determined bydynamic mechanical analysis. Compared to a random copolymer containingthe same monomers and monomer content, the inventive interpolymers havelower compression set, particularly at elevated temperatures, lowerstress relaxation, higher creep resistance, higher tear strength, higherblocking resistance, faster setup due to higher crystallization(solidification) temperature, higher recovery (particularly at elevatedtemperatures), better abrasion resistance, higher retractive force, andbetter oil and filler acceptance.

The inventive interpolymers also exhibit a unique crystallization andbranching distribution relationship. That is, the inventiveinterpolymers have a relatively large difference between the tallestpeak temperature measured using CRYSTAF and DSC as a function of heat offusion, especially as compared to random copolymers containing the samemonomers and monomer level or physical blends of polymers, such as ablend of a high density polymer and a lower density copolymer, atequivalent overall density. It is believed that this unique feature ofthe inventive interpolymers is due to the unique distribution of thecomonomer in blocks within the polymer backbone. In particular, theinventive interpolymers may comprise alternating blocks of differingcomonomer content (including homopolymer blocks). The inventiveinterpolymers may also comprise a distribution in number and/or blocksize of polymer blocks of differing density or comonomer content, whichis a Schultz-Flory type of distribution. In addition, the inventiveinterpolymers also have a unique peak melting point and crystallizationtemperature profile that is substantially independent of polymerdensity, modulus, and morphology. In a preferred embodiment, themicrocrystalline order of the polymers demonstrates characteristicspherulites and lamellae that are distinguishable from random or blockcopolymers, even at PDI values that are less than 1.7, or even less than1.5, down to less than 1.3.

Moreover, the inventive interpolymers may be prepared using techniquesto influence the degree or level of blockiness. That is the amount ofcomonomer and length of each polymer block or segment can be altered bycontrolling the ratio and type of catalysts and shuttling agent as wellas the temperature of the polymerization, and other polymerizationvariables. A surprising benefit of this phenomenon is the discovery thatas the degree of blockiness is increased, the optical properties, tearstrength, and high temperature recovery properties of the resultingpolymer are improved. In particular, haze decreases while clarity, tearstrength, and high temperature recovery properties increase as theaverage number of blocks in the polymer increases. By selectingshuttling agents and catalyst combinations having the desired chaintransferring ability (high rates of shuttling with low levels of chaintermination) other forms of polymer termination are effectivelysuppressed. Accordingly, little if any β-hydride elimination is observedin the polymerization of ethylene/α-olefin comonomer mixtures accordingto embodiments of the invention, and the resulting crystalline blocksare highly, or substantially completely, linear, possessing little or nolong chain branching.

Polymers with highly crystalline chain ends can be selectively preparedin accordance with embodiments of the invention. In elastomerapplications, reducing the relative quantity of polymer that terminateswith an amorphous block reduces the intermolecular dilutive effect oncrystalline regions. This result can be obtained by choosing chainshuttling agents and catalysts having an appropriate response tohydrogen or other chain terminating agents. Specifically, if thecatalyst which produces highly crystalline polymer is more susceptibleto chain termination (such as by use of hydrogen) than the catalystresponsible for producing the less crystalline polymer segment (such asthrough higher comonomer incorporation, regio-error, or atactic polymerformation), then the highly crystalline polymer segments willpreferentially populate the terminal portions of the polymer. Not onlyare the resulting terminated groups crystalline, but upon termination,the highly crystalline polymer forming catalyst site is once againavailable for reinitiation of polymer formation. The initially formedpolymer is therefore another highly crystalline polymer segment.Accordingly, both ends of the resulting multi-block copolymer arepreferentially highly crystalline.

The ethylene α-olefin interpolymers used in the embodiments of theinvention are preferably interpolymers of ethylene with at least oneC₃-C₂₀ α-olefin. Copolymers of ethylene and a C₃-C₂₀ α-olefin areespecially preferred. The interpolymers may further comprise C₄-C₁₈diolefin and/or alkenylbenzene. Suitable unsaturated comonomers usefulfor polymerizing with ethylene include, for example, ethylenicallyunsaturated monomers, conjugated or nonconjugated dienes, polyenes,alkenylbenzenes, etc. Examples of such comonomers include C₃-C₂₀α-olefins such as propylene, isobutylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-pentene,4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, and thelike. 1-Butene and 1-octene are especially preferred. Other suitablemonomers include styrene, halo- or alkyl-substituted styrenes,vinylbenzocyclobutane, 1,4-hexadiene, 1,7-octadiene, and naphthenics(e.g., cyclopentene, cyclohexene and cyclooctene).

While ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers are preferred polymers, otherethylene/olefin polymers may also be used. Olefins as used herein referto a family of unsaturated hydrocarbon-based compounds with at least onecarbon-carbon double bond. Depending on the selection of catalysts, anyolefin may be used in embodiments of the invention. Preferably, suitableolefins are C₃-C₂₀ aliphatic and aromatic compounds containing vinylicunsaturation, as well as cyclic compounds, such as cyclobutene,cyclopentene, dicyclopentadiene, and norbornene, including but notlimited to, norbornene substituted in the 5 and 6 position with C₁-C₂₀hydrocarbyl or cyclohydrocarbyl groups. Also included are mixtures ofsuch olefins as well as mixtures of such olefins with C₄-C₄₀ diolefincompounds.

Examples of olefin monomers include, but are not limited to propylene,isobutylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene,1-nonene, 1-decene, and 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene,1-octadecene, 1-eicosene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-pentene,4-methyl-1-pentene, 4,6-dimethyl-1-heptene, 4-vinylcyclohexene,vinylcyclohexane, norbornadiene, ethylidene norbornene, cyclopentene,cyclohexene, dicyclopentadiene, cyclooctene, C₄-C₄₀ dienes, includingbut not limited to 1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, 1,4-hexadiene,1,5-hexadiene, 1,7-octadiene, 1,9-decadiene, other C₄-C₄₀ α-olefins, andthe like. In certain embodiments, the α-olefin is propylene,1-butene,1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene or a combination thereof. Although anyhydrocarbon containing a vinyl group potentially may be used inembodiments of the invention, practical issues such as monomeravailability, cost, and the ability to conveniently remove unreactedmonomer from the resulting polymer may become more problematic as themolecular weight of the monomer becomes too high.

The polymerization processes described herein are well suited for theproduction of olefin polymers comprising monovinylidene aromaticmonomers including styrene, o-methyl styrene, p-methyl styrene,t-butylstyrene, and the like. In particular, interpolymers comprisingethylene and styrene can be prepared by following the teachings herein.Optionally, copolymers comprising ethylene, styrene and a C₃-C₂₀ alphaolefin, optionally comprising a C₄-C₂₀ diene, having improved propertiescan be prepared.

Suitable non-conjugated diene monomers can be a straight chain, branchedchain or cyclic hydrocarbon diene having from 6 to 15 carbon atoms.Examples of suitable non-conjugated dienes include, but are not limitedto, straight chain acyclic dienes, such as 1,4-hexadiene, 1,6-octadiene,1,7-octadiene, 1,9-decadiene, branched chain acyclic dienes, such as5-methyl-1,4-hexadiene; 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadiene;3,7-dimethyl-1,7-octadiene and mixed isomers of dihydromyricene anddihydroocinene, single ring alicyclic dienes, such as1,3-cyclopentadiene; 1,4-cyclohexadiene; 1,5-cyclooctadiene and1,5-cyclododecadiene, and multi-ring alicyclic fused and bridged ringdienes, such as tetrahydroindene, methyl tetrahydroindene,dicyclopentadiene, bicyclo-(2,2,1)-hepta-2,5-diene; alkenyl, alkylidene,cycloalkenyl and cycloalkylidene norbornenes, such as5-methylene-2-norbornene (MNB); 5-propenyl-2-norbornene,5-isopropylidene-2-norbornene, 5-(4-cyclopentenyl)-2-norbornene,5-cyclohexylidene-2-norbornene, 5-vinyl-2-norbornene, and norbornadiene.Of the dienes typically used to prepare EPDMs, the particularlypreferred dienes are 1,4-hexadiene (HD), 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene(ENB), 5-vinylidene-2-norbornene (VNB), 5-methylene-2-norbornene (MNB),and dicyclopentadiene (DCPD). The especially preferred dienes are5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB) and 1,4-hexadiene (HD).

One class of desirable polymers that can be made in accordance withembodiments of the invention are elastomeric interpolymers of ethylene,a C₃-C₂₀ α-olefin, especially propylene, and optionally one or morediene monomers. Preferred α-olefins for use in this embodiment of thepresent invention are designated by the formula CH₂═CHR*, where R* is alinear or branched alkyl group of from 1 to 12 carbon atoms. Examples ofsuitable α-olefins include, but are not limited to, propylene,isobutylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, and1-octene. A particularly preferred α-olefin is propylene. The propylenebased polymers are generally referred to in the art as EP or EPDMpolymers. Suitable dienes for use in preparing such polymers, especiallymulti-block EPDM type polymers include conjugated or non-conjugated,straight or branched chain-, cyclic- or polycyclic-dienes comprisingfrom 4 to 20 carbons. Preferred dienes include 1,4-pentadiene,1,4-hexadiene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, dicyclopentadiene,cyclohexadiene, and 5-butylidene-2-norbornene. A particularly preferreddiene is 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene.

Because the diene containing polymers comprise alternating segments orblocks containing greater or lesser quantities of the diene (includingnone) and α-olefin (including none), the total quantity of diene andα-olefin may be reduced without loss of subsequent polymer properties.That is, because the diene and α-olefin monomers are preferentiallyincorporated into one type of block of the polymer rather than uniformlyor randomly throughout the polymer, they are more efficiently utilizedand subsequently the crosslink density of the polymer can be bettercontrolled. Such crosslinkable elastomers and the cured products haveadvantaged properties, including higher tensile strength and betterelastic recovery.

In some embodiments, the inventive interpolymers made with two catalystsincorporating differing quantities of comonomer have a weight ratio ofblocks formed thereby from 95:5 to 5:95. The elastomeric polymersdesirably have an ethylene content of from 20 to 90 percent, a dienecontent of from 0.1 to 10 percent, and an α-olefin content of from 10 to80 percent, based on the total weight of the polymer. Furtherpreferably, the multi-block elastomeric polymers have an ethylenecontent of from 60 to 90 percent, a diene content of from 0.1 to 10percent, and an α-olefin content of from 10 to 40 percent, based on thetotal weight of the polymer. Preferred polymers are high molecularweight polymers, having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) from10,000 to about 2,500,000, preferably from 20,000 to 500,000, morepreferably from 20,000 to 350,000, and a polydispersity less than 3.5,more preferably less than 3.0, and a Mooney viscosity (ML (1+4) 125° C.)from 1 to 250. More preferably, such polymers have an ethylene contentfrom 65 to 75 percent, a diene content from 0 to 6 percent, and anα-olefin content from 20 to 35 percent.

The ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers can be functionalized byincorporating at least one functional group in its polymer structure.Exemplary functional groups may include, for example, ethylenicallyunsaturated mono- and di-functional carboxylic acids, ethylenicallyunsaturated mono- and di-functional carboxylic acid anhydrides, saltsthereof and esters thereof. Such functional groups may be grafted to anethylene/α-olefin interpolymer, or it may be copolymerized with ethyleneand an optional additional comonomer to form an interpolymer ofethylene, the functional comonomer and optionally other comonomer(s).Means for grafting functional groups onto polyethylene are described forexample in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,762,890, 4,927,888, and 4,950,541, thedisclosures of these patents are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety. One particularly useful functional group is malicanhydride.

The amount of the functional group present in the functionalinterpolymer can vary. The functional group can typically be present ina copolymer-type functionalized interpolymer in an amount of at leastabout 1.0 weight percent, preferably at least about 5 weight percent,and more preferably at least about 7 weight percent. The functionalgroup will typically be present in a copolymer-type functionalizedinterpolymer in an amount less than about 40 weight percent, preferablyless than about 30 weight percent, and more preferably less than about25 weight percent.

The amount of the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer in the lubricantcomposition disclosed herein can vary from about 0.01 to about 30 wt %,from about 0.05 to about 20 wt %, from about 0.1 to about 15 wt %, fromabout 0.5 to about 10 wt %, or from about 1 to about 5 wt %, based onthe total amount of the lubricant composition.

Base Oils

Any base oil known to a person of ordinary skill in the art can be usedfor preparing the lubricant compositions. The base oils suitable forpreparing lubricant compositions have been described in Mortier et al.,“Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants,” 2nd Edition, London, Springer,Chapters 1 and 2 (1996), incorporated herein by reference. Generally,the lubricant composition may comprise from about 70 to 99 wt % of thebase oil, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. Insome embodiments, the lubricant composition comprises from about 80 to98 wt % of the base oil, based on the total weight of the lubricantcomposition.

In some embodiments, the base oil comprises any of the base stocks inGroups I-V as specified in the American Petroleum Institute (API)Publication 1509, Fourteen Edition, December 1996 (i.e., API Base OilInterchangeability Guidelines for Passenger Car Motor Oils and DieselEngine Oils), which is incorporated herein by reference. The APIguideline defines a base stock as a lubricant component that may bemanufactured using a variety of different processes. Groups I, II andIII base stocks are mineral oils, each with specific ranges of theamount of saturates, sulfur content and viscosity index. Group IV basestocks are polyalphaolefins (PAO). Group V base stocks include all otherbase stocks not included in Group I, II, III, or IV. In particularembodiments, the base oil comprises a combination of the base stocks inGroups I-V.

In other embodiments, the base oil comprises a natural oil, a syntheticoil or a combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of suitable naturaloils include animal oils (e.g., lard oil), vegetable oils, (e.g., cornoil, castor oil, and peanut oil), oils derived from coal or shale,mineral oils (e.g., liquid petroleum oils and solvent treated oracid-treated mineral oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic or mixedparaffinic-naphthenic types) and combinations thereof. Non-limitingexamples of suitable synthetic lubricating oils includepoly-alpha-olefins, alkylated aromatics, polybutenes, aliphaticdiesters, polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, phosphate esters andcombinations thereof.

In further embodiments, the base oil comprises hydrocarbon oils such aspolyolefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylenecopolymers, polyhexene, polyoctene, polydecene, and the like);alkylbenzenes (e.g., dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes,dinonylbenzenes, di-(2-ethylhexyl)benzenes, and the like); polyphenyls(e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls, and the like);alkylated diphenyl ethers; alkylated diphenyl sulfides; and thederivatives, isomers, analogs, homologs and combinations thereof.

In further embodiments, the base oil comprises a poly-alpha-olefin(PAO). In general, the poly-alpha-olefins may be derived from analpha-olefin having from about 2 to about 30, or from about 4 to about20, or from about 6 to about 16 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable poly-alpha-olefins include those derived from octene, decene,mixtures thereof, and the like. These poly-alpha-olefins may have aviscosity from about 2 to about 15, or from about 3 to about 12, or fromabout 4 to about 8 centistokes at 100° C. In some instances, thepoly-alpha-olefins may be used together with other base oils such asmineral oils.

In further embodiments, the base oil comprises a polyalkylene glycol ora polyalkylene glycol derivative, where the terminal hydroxyl groups ofthe polyalkylene glycol may be modified by esterification,etherification, acetylation and the like. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable polyalkylene glycols include polyethylene glycol, polypropyleneglycol, polyisopropylene glycol, and combinations thereof. Non-limitingexamples of suitable polyalkylene glycol derivatives include ethers ofpolyalkylene glycols (e.g., methyl ether of polyisopropylene glycol,diphenyl ether of polyethylene glycol, diethyl ether of polypropyleneglycol, etc.), mono- and polycarboxylic esters of polyalkylene glycols,and combinations thereof. In some instances, the polyalkylene glycol orpolyalkylene glycol derivative may be used together with other base oilssuch as poly-alpha-olefins and mineral oils.

In further embodiments, the base oil comprises any of the esters ofdicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinicacids, alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid,sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonicacid, alkyl malonic acids, alkenyl malonic acids, and the like) with avariety of alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecylalcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycolmonoether, propylene glycol, and the like). Non-limiting examples ofthese esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate,di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecylazelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, the2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, and the like.

In further embodiments, the base oil comprises a hydrocarbon prepared bythe Fischer-Tropsch process. Fischer-Tropsch process prepareshydrocarbons from gases containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide using aFischer-Tropsch catalyst. These hydrocarbons may require furtherprocessing in order to be useful as base oils. For example, thehydrocarbons may be dewaxed, hydroisomerized, and/or hydrocracked usingprocesses known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

In further embodiments, the base oil comprises a refined, unrefined, orrerefined oil. Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a naturalor synthetic source without further purification treatment. Non-limitingexamples of unrefined oils include shale oils obtained directly fromretorting operations, petroleum oils obtained directly from primarydistillation, and ester oils obtained directly from an esterificationprocess and used without further treatment. Refined oils are similar tothe unrefined oils except the former have been further treated by one ormore purification processes to improve one or more properties. Many suchpurification processes are known to those skilled in the art such assolvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid or base extraction,filtration, percolation, and the like. Rerefined oils are obtained byapplying to refined oils processes similar to those used to obtainrefined oils. Such rerefined oils are also known as reclaimed orreprocessed oils and often are additionally treated by processesdirected to removal of spent additives and oil breakdown products.

Additives

Optionally, the lubricant composition may further comprise at least anadditive or a modifier (hereinafter designated as “additive”) that canimpart or improve any desirable property of the lubricant composition.Any additive known to a person of ordinary skill in the art may be usedin the lubricant compositions disclosed herein. Some suitable additiveshave been described in Mortier et al., “Chemistry and Technology ofLubricants,” 2nd Edition, London, Springer, (1996); and Leslie R.Rudnick, “Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications,” New York,Marcel Dekker (2003), both of which are incorporated herein byreference. In some embodiments, the additive can be selected from thegroup consisting of detergents, dispersants, friction modifiers, pourpoint depressants, demulsifiers, anti-foams, corrosion inhibitors,anti-wear agents, antioxidants, rust inhibitors, and combinationsthereof. In general, the concentration of each of the additives in thelubricant composition, when used, can range from about 0.001 to about 20wt %, from about 0.01 to about 10 wt % or from about 0.1 to about 5 wt%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.

The lubricant composition disclosed herein may comprise a detergent thatcan control varnish, ring zone deposits, and rust by keeping insolubleparticles in colloidal suspension and in some cases, by neutralizingacids. Any detergent known by a person of ordinary skill in the art maybe used in the lubricant composition. Non-limiting examples of suitabledetergents include metal sulfonates, phenates, salicylates,phosphonates, thiophosphonates and combinations thereof. The metal canbe any metal suitable for making sulfonate, phenate, salicylate orphosphonate detergents. Non-limiting examples of suitable metals includealkali metals, alkaline metals and transition metals. In someembodiments, the metal is Ca, Mg, Ba, K, Na, Li or the like. The amountof the detergent may vary from about 0.01 to about 10 wt %, from about0.05 to about 5 wt %, or from about 0.1 to about 3 wt %, based on thetotal weight of the lubricant composition. Some suitable detergents havebeen described in Mortier et al., “Chemistry and Technology ofLubricants,” 2nd Edition, London, Springer, Chapter 3, pages 75-85(1996); and Leslie R. Rudnick, “Lubricant Additives: Chemistry andApplications,” New York, Marcel Dekker, Chapter 4, pages 113-136 (2003),both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The lubricant composition disclosed herein may comprise a dispersantthat can prevent sludge, varnish, and other deposits by keepingparticles suspended in a colloidal state. Any dispersant known by aperson of ordinary skill in the art may be used in the lubricantcomposition. Non-limiting examples of suitable dispersants includesuccinimides, succiamides, benzylamines, succinate esters, succinateester-amides, Mannich type dispersants, phosphorus-containingdispersants, boron-containing dispersants and combinations thereof. Theamount of the dispersant may vary from about 0.01 to about 10 wt %, fromabout 0.05 to about 7 wt %, or from about 0.1 to about 4 wt %, based onthe total weight of the lubricant composition. Some suitable dispersantshave been described in Mortier et al., “Chemistry and Technology ofLubricants,” 2nd Edition, London, Springer, Chapter 3, pages 86-90(1996); and Leslie R. Rudnick, “Lubricant Additives: Chemistry andApplications,” New York, Marcel Dekker, Chapter 5, pages 137-170 (2003),both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The lubricant composition disclosed herein may comprise a frictionmodifier that can lower the friction between moving parts. Any frictionmodifier known by a person of ordinary skill in the art may be used inthe lubricant composition. Non-limiting examples of suitable frictionmodifiers include fatty carboxylic acids; derivatives (e.g., esters,amides, metal salts and the like) of fatty carboxylic acid; mono-, di-or tri-alkyl substituted phosphoric acids or phosphonic acids;derivatives (e.g., esters, amides, metal salts and the like) of mono-,di- or tri-alkyl substituted phosphoric acids or phosphonic acids;mono-, di- or tri-alkyl substituted amines; mono- or di-alkylsubstituted amides and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, thefriction modifier is selected from the group consisting of aliphaticamines, ethoxylated aliphatic amines, aliphatic carboxylic acid amides,ethoxylated aliphatic ether amines, aliphatic carboxylic acids, glycerolesters, aliphatic carboxylic ester-amides, fatty imidazolines, fattytertiary amines, wherein the aliphatic or fatty group contains more thanabout eight carbon atoms so as to render the compound suitably oilsoluble. In other embodiments, the friction modifier comprises analiphatic substituted succinimide formed by reacting an aliphaticsuccinic acid or anhydride with ammonia or a primary amine. The amountof the friction modifier may vary from about 0.01 to about 10 wt %, fromabout 0.05 to about 5 wt %, or from about 0.1 to about 3 wt %, based onthe total weight of the lubricant composition. Some suitable frictionmodifiers have been described in Mortier et al., “Chemistry andTechnology of Lubricants,” 2nd Edition, London, Springer, Chapter 6,pages 183-187 (1996); and Leslie R. Rudnick, “Lubricant Additives:Chemistry and Applications,” New York, Marcel Dekker, Chapters 6 and 7,pages 171-222 (2003), both of which are incorporated herein byreference.

The lubricant composition disclosed herein may comprise a pour pointdepressant that can lower the pour point of the lubricant composition.Any pour point depressant known by a person of ordinary skill in the artmay be used in the lubricant composition. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable pour point depressants include polymethacrylates,polyacrylates, di(tetra-paraffin phenol)phthalate, condensates oftetra-paraffin phenol, condensates of a chlorinated paraffin withnaphthalene and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the pourpoint depressant comprises an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, acondensate of chlorinated paraffin and phenol, polyalkyl styrene or thelike. The amount of the pour point depressant may vary from about 0.01to about 10 wt %, from about 0.05 to about 5 wt %, or from about 0.1 toabout 3 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.Some suitable pour point depressants have been described in Mortier etal., “Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants,” 2nd Edition, London,Springer, Chapter 6, pages 187-189 (1996); and Leslie R. Rudnick,“Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications,” New York, MarcelDekker, Chapter 11, pages 329-354 (2003), both of which are incorporatedherein by reference.

The lubricant composition disclosed herein may comprise a demulsifierthat can promote oil-water separation in lubricant compositions that areexposed to water or steam. Any demulsifier known by a person of ordinaryskill in the art may be used in the lubricant composition. Non-limitingexamples of suitable demulsifiers include anionic surfactants (e.g.,alkyl-naphthalene sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates and the like),nonionic alkoxylated alkylphenol resins, polymers of alkylene oxides(e.g., polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, block copolymers ofethylene oxide, propylene oxide and the like), esters of oil solubleacids and combinations thereof. The amount of the demulsifier may varyfrom about 0.01 to about 10 wt %, from about 0.05 to about 5 wt %, orfrom about 0.1 to about 3 wt %, based on the total weight of thelubricant composition. Some suitable demulsifiers have been described inMortier et al., “Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants,” 2nd Edition,London, Springer, Chapter 6, pages 190-193 (1996), which is incorporatedherein by reference.

The lubricant composition disclosed herein may comprise an anti-foamthat can break up foams in oils. Any anti-foam known by a person ofordinary skill in the art may be used in the lubricant composition.Non-limiting examples of suitable anti-foams include silicone oils orpolydimethylsiloxanes, fluorosilicones, alkoxylated aliphatic acids,polyethers (e.g., polyethylene glycols), branched polyvinyl ethers,polyacrylates, polyalkoxyamines and combinations thereof. In someembodiments, the anti-foam comprises glycerol monostearate, polyglycolpalmitate, a trialkyl monothiophosphate, an ester of sulfonatedricinoleic acid, benzoylacetone, methyl salicylate, glycerol monooleate,or glycerol dioleate. The amount of the anti-foam may vary from about0.01 to about 5 wt %, from about 0.05 to about 3 wt %, or from about 0.1to about 1 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.Some suitable anti-foams have been described in Mortier et al.,“Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants,” 2nd Edition, London, Springer,Chapter 6, pages 190-193 (1996), which is incorporated herein byreference.

The lubricant composition disclosed herein may comprise a corrosioninhibitor that can reduce corrosion. Any corrosion inhibitor known by aperson of ordinary skill in the art may be used in the lubricantcomposition. Non-limiting examples of suitable corrosion inhibitorinclude half esters or amides of dodecylsuccinic acid, phosphate esters,thiophosphates, alkyl imidazolines, sarcosines and combinations thereof.The amount of the corrosion inhibitor may vary from about 0.01 to about5 wt %, from about 0.05 to about 3 wt %, or from about 0.1 to about 1 wt%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. Some suitablecorrosion inhibitors have been described in Mortier et al., “Chemistryand Technology of Lubricants,” 2nd Edition, London, Springer, Chapter 6,pages 193-196 (1996), which is incorporated herein by reference.

The lubricant composition disclosed herein may comprise an anti-wearagent that can reduce friction and excessive wear. Any anti-wear agentknown by a person of ordinary skill in the art may be used in thelubricant composition. Non-limiting examples of suitable anti-wearagents include zinc dithiophosphate, metal (e.g., Pb, Sb, Mo and thelike) salts of dithiophosphate, metal (e.g., Zn, Pb, Sb, Mo and thelike) salts of dithiocarbamate, metal (e.g., Zn, Pb, Sb and the like)salts of fatty acids, boron compounds, phosphate esters, phosphiteesters, amine salts of phosphoric acid esters or thiophosphoric acidesters, reaction products of dicyclopentadiene and thiophosphoric acidsand combinations thereof. The amount of the anti-wear agent may varyfrom about 0.01 to about 5 wt %, from about 0.05 to about 3 wt %, orfrom about 0.1 to about 1 wt %, based on the total weight of thelubricant composition. Some suitable anti-wear agents have beendescribed in Leslie R. Rudnick, “Lubricant Additives: Chemistry andApplications,” New York, Marcel Dekker, Chapter 8, pages 223-258 (2003),which is incorporated herein by reference.

The lubricant composition disclosed herein may comprise an extremepressure (EP) agent that can prevent sliding metal surfaces from seizingunder conditions of extreme pressure. Any extreme pressure agent knownby a person of ordinary skill in the art may be used in the lubricantcomposition. Generally, the extreme pressure agent is a compound thatcan combine chemically with a metal to form a surface film that preventsthe welding of asperities in opposing metal surfaces under high loads.Non-limiting examples of suitable extreme pressure agents includesulfurized animal or vegetable fats or oils, sulfurized animal orvegetable fatty acid esters, fully or partially esterified esters oftrivalent or pentavalent acids of phosphorus, sulfurized olefins,dihydrocarbyl polysulfides, sulfurized Diels-Alder adducts, sulfurizeddicyclopentadiene, sulfurized or co-sulfurized mixtures of fatty acidesters and monounsaturated olefins, co-sulfurized blends of fatty acid,fatty acid ester and alpha-olefin, functionally-substituteddihydrocarbyl polysulfides, thia-aldehydes, thia-ketones, epithiocompounds, sulfur-containing acetal derivatives, co-sulfurized blends ofterpene and acyclic olefins, and polysulfide olefin products, aminesalts of phosphoric acid esters or thiophosphoric acid esters andcombinations thereof. The amount of the extreme pressure agent may varyfrom about 0.01 to about 5 wt %, from about 0.05 to about 3 wt %, orfrom about 0.1 to about 1 wt %, based on the total weight of thelubricant composition. Some suitable extreme pressure agents have beendescribed in Leslie R. Rudnick, “Lubricant Additives: Chemistry andApplications,” New York, Marcel Dekker, Chapter 8, pages 223-258 (2003),which is incorporated herein by reference.

The lubricant composition disclosed herein may comprise an antioxidantthat can reduce or prevent the oxidation of the base oil. Anyantioxidant known by a person of ordinary skill in the art may be usedin the lubricant composition. Non-limiting examples of suitableantioxidants include amine-based antioxidants (e.g., alkyldiphenylamines, phenyl-α-naphthylamine, alkyl or aralkyl substitutedphenyl-α-naphthylamine, alkylated p-phenylene diamines,tetramethyl-diaminodiphenylamine and the like), phenolic antioxidants(e.g., 2-tert-butylphenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol,2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol,2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4,4′-methylenebis-(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol),4,4′-thiobis(6-di-tert-butyl-o-cresol) and the like), sulfur-basedantioxidants (e.g., dilauryl-3,3′-thiodipropionate, sulfurized phenolicantioxidants and the like), phosphorous-based antioxidants (e.g.,phosphites and the like), zinc dithiophosphate, oil-soluble coppercompounds and combinations thereof. The amount of the antioxidant mayvary from about 0.01 to about 10 wt %, from about 0.05 to about 5%, orfrom about 0.1 to about 3%, based on the total weight of the lubricantcomposition. Some suitable antioxidants have been described in Leslie R.Rudnick, “Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications,” New York,Marcel Dekker, Chapter 1, pages 1-28 (2003), which is incorporatedherein by reference.

The lubricant composition disclosed herein may comprise a rust inhibitorthat can inhibit the corrosion of ferrous metal surfaces. Any rustinhibitor known by a person of ordinary skill in the art may be used inthe lubricant composition. Non-limiting examples of suitable rustinhibitors include oil-soluble monocarboxylic acids (e.g.,2-ethylhexanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleicacid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, behenic acid, cerotic acid and thelike), oil-soluble polycarboxylic acids (e.g., those produced from talloil fatty acids, oleic acid, linoleic acid and the like),alkenylsuccinic acids in which the alkenyl group contains 10 or morecarbon atoms (e.g., tetrapropenylsuccinic acid, tetradecenylsuccinicacid, hexadecenylsuccinic acid, and the like); long-chainalpha,omega-dicarboxylic acids having a molecular weight in the range of600 to 3000 daltons and combinations thereof. The amount of the rustinhibitor may vary from about 0.01 to about 10 wt %, from about 0.05 toabout 5%, or from about 0.1 to about 3%, based on the total weight ofthe lubricant composition.

The additives may be in the form of an additive concentrate having morethan one additive. The additive concentrate may comprise a suitablediluent, most preferably a hydrocarbon oil of suitable viscosity. Suchdiluent can be selected from the group consisting of natural oils (e.g.,mineral oils), synthetic oils and combinations thereof. Non-limitingexamples of the mineral oils include paraffin-based oils,naphthenic-based oils, asphaltic-based oils and combinations thereof.Non-limiting examples of the synthetic base oils include polyolefin oils(especially hydrogenated alpha-olefin oligomers), alkylated aromatic,polyalkylene oxides, aromatic ethers, and carboxylate esters (especiallydiester oils) and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the diluentis a light hydrocarbon oil, both natural or synthetic. Generally, thediluent oil can have a viscosity in the range of 13 to 35 centistokes at40° C.

The lubricant composition disclosed herein may be suitable for use asmotor oils (or engine oils or crankcase oils), transmission fluids, gearoils, power steering fluids, shock absorber fluids, brake fluids,hydraulic fluids and/or greases.

In some embodiments, the lubricant composition disclosed herein is amotor oil. Such a motor oil composition may be used to lubricate allmajor moving parts in any reciprocating internal combustion engine,reciprocating compressors and in steam engines of crankcase design. Inautomotive applications, the motor oil composition may also be used tocool hot engine parts, keep the engine free of rust and deposits, andseal the rings and valves against leakage of combustion gases. The motoroil composition may comprise a base oil and the ethylene/α-olefininterpolymer. The motor oil composition may further comprise at least anadditive. In some embodiments, the motor oil composition furthercomprises a pour point depressant, a detergent, a dispersant, ananti-wear, an antioxidant, a friction modifier, a rust inhibitor, or acombination thereof.

In other embodiments, the lubricant composition disclosed herein is agear oil for either automotive or industrial applications. The gear oilcomposition may be used to lubricate gears, rear axles, automotivetransmissions, final drive axles, accessories in agricultural andconstruction equipment, gear housings and enclosed chain drives. Thegear oil composition may comprise a base oil and the ethylene/α-olefininterpolymer. The gear oil composition may further comprise at least anadditive. In some embodiments, the gear oil composition furthercomprises an anti-wear, an extreme pressure agent, a rust inhibitor, ora combination thereof.

In further embodiments, the lubricant composition disclosed herein is atransmission fluid. The transmission fluid composition may be used ineither automatic transmission or manual transmission to reducetransmission losses. The transmission fluid composition may comprise abase oil and the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer. The transmission fluidcomposition may further comprise at least an additive. In someembodiments, the transmission fluid composition further comprises afriction modifier, a detergent, a dispersant, an antioxidant, ananti-wear agent, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, ananti-foam, a corrosion inhibitor or a combination thereof.

In further embodiments, the lubricant composition disclosed herein is agrease used in various applications where extended lubrication isrequired and where oil would not be retained, e.g., on a vertical shaft.The grease composition may comprise a base oil, the ethylene/α-olefininterpolymer and a thickener. In some embodiments, the greasecomposition further comprise a complexing agent, an antioxidant, ananti-wear agent, an extreme pressure agent, an anti-foam, a corrosioninhibitor or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the thickener is asoap formed by reacting a metal hydroxide (e.g., lithium hydroxide,sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, zinc hydroxideand the like) with a fat, a fatty acid, or an ester. In general, thetype of soap used depends on the grease properties desired. In otherembodiments, the thickener may be a non-soap thickener selected from thegroup consisting of clays, silica gels, carbon black, various syntheticorganic materials and combinations thereof. In further embodiments, thethickener comprises a combination of soaps and non-soap thickeners.

Processes of Preparing Lubricant Compositions

The lubricant compositions disclosed herein can be prepared by anymethod known to a person of ordinary skill in the art for makinglubricating oils. In some embodiments, the base oil can be blended ormixed with the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer and optionally at least anadditive. The ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer and the optional additivesmay be added to the base oil individually or simultaneously. In someembodiments, the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer and the optionaladditives are added to the base oil individually in one or moreadditions and the additions may be in any order. In other embodiments,the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer and the additives are added to thebase oil simultaneously, optionally in the form of an additiveconcentrate. In some embodiments, the solubilizing of theethylene/α-olefin interpolymer or any solid additives in the base oilmay be assisted by heating the mixture to a temperature between about 25and about 200° C., from about 50 and about 150° C. or from about 75 andabout 125° C.

Any mixing or dispersing equipment known to a person of ordinary skillin the art may be used for blending, mixing or solubilizing theingredients. The blending, mixing or solubilizing may be carried outwith a blender, an agitator, a disperser, a mixer (e.g., Ross doubleplanetary mixers and Collette planetary mixers), a homogenizer (e.g.,Gaulin homogeneizers and Rannie homogeneizers), a mill (e.g., colloidmill, ball mill and sand mill) or any other mixing or dispersingequipment known in the art.

Embodiments of the invention provide lubricant compositions made from abase oil and the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer. Preferably, theethylene/α-olefin interpolymer is a multi-block copolymer comprising atleast one soft block and at least one hard block.

The following examples are presented to exemplify embodiments of theinvention but are not intended to limit the invention to the specificembodiments set forth. Unless indicated to the contrary, all parts andpercentages are by weight. All numerical values are approximate. Whennumerical ranges are given, it should be understood that embodimentsoutside the stated ranges may still fall within the scope of theinvention. Specific details described in each example should not beconstrued as necessary features of the invention.

EXAMPLES

Testing Methods

In the examples that follow, the following analytical techniques areemployed:

GPC Method for Samples 1-4 and A-C

An automated liquid-handling robot equipped with a heated needle set to160° C. is used to add enough 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene stabilized with 300ppm Ionol to each dried polymer sample to give a final concentration of30 mg/mL. A small glass stir rod is placed into each tube and thesamples are heated to 160° C. for 2 hours on a heated, orbital-shakerrotating at 250 rpm. The concentrated polymer solution is then dilutedto 1 mg/ml using the automated liquid-handling robot and the heatedneedle set to 160° C.

A Symyx Rapid GPC system is used to determine the molecular weight datafor each sample. A Gilson 350 pump set at 2.0 m/min flow rate is used topump helium-purged 1,2-dichlorobenzene stabilized with 300 ppm Ionol asthe mobile phase through three Plgel 10 micrometer (μm) Mixed B 300mm×7.5 mm columns placed in series and heated to 160° C. A Polymer LabsELS 1000 Detector is used with the Evaporator set to 250° C., theNebulizer set to 165° C., and the nitrogen flow rate set to 1.8 SLM at apressure of 60-80 psi (400-600 kPa) N₂. The polymer samples are heatedto 160° C. and each sample injected into a 250 μl loop using theliquid-handling robot and a heated needle. Serial analysis of thepolymer samples using two switched loops and overlapping injections areused. The sample data is collected and analyzed using Symyx Epoch™software. Peaks are manually integrated and the molecular weightinformation reported uncorrected against a polystyrene standardcalibration curve.

Standard CRYSTAF Method

Branching distributions are determined by crystallization analysisfractionation (CRYSTAF) using a CRYSTAF 200 unit commercially availablefrom PolymerChar, Valencia, Spain. The samples are dissolved in 1,2,4trichlorobenzene at 160° C. (0.66 mg/mL) for 1 hr and stabilized at 95°C. for 45 minutes. The sampling temperatures range from 95 to 30° C. ata cooling rate of 0.2° C./min. An infrared detector is used to measurethe polymer solution concentrations. The cumulative solubleconcentration is measured as the polymer crystallizes while thetemperature is decreased. The analytical derivative of the cumulativeprofile reflects the short chain branching distribution of the polymer.

The CRYSTAF peak temperature and area are identified by the peakanalysis module included in the CRYSTAF Software (Version 2001.b,PolymerChar, Valencia, Spain). The CRYSTAF peak finding routineidentifies a peak temperature as a maximum in the dW/dT curve and thearea between the largest positive inflections on either side of theidentified peak in the derivative curve. To calculate the CRYSTAF curve,the preferred processing parameters are with a temperature limit of 70°C. and with smoothing parameters above the temperature limit of 0.1, andbelow the temperature limit of 0.3.

DSC Standard Method (Excluding Samples 1-4 and A-C)

Differential Scanning Calorimetry results are determined using a TAImodel Q1000 DSC equipped with an RCS cooling accessory and anautosampler. A nitrogen purge gas flow of 50 ml/min is used. The sampleis pressed into a thin film and melted in the press at about 175° C. andthen air-cooled to room temperature (25° C.). 3-10 mg of material isthen cut into a 6 mm diameter disk, accurately weighed, placed in alight aluminum pan (ca 50 mg), and then crimped shut. The thermalbehavior of the sample is investigated with the following temperatureprofile. The sample is rapidly heated to 180° C. and held isothermal for3 minutes in order to remove any previous thermal history. The sample isthen cooled to −40° C. at 10° C./min cooling rate and held at −40° C.for 3 minutes. The sample is then heated to 150° C. at 10° C./min.heating rate. The cooling and second heating curves are recorded.

The DSC melting peak is measured as the maximum in heat flow rate (W/g)with respect to the linear baseline drawn between −30° C. and end ofmelting. The heat of fusion is measured as the area under the meltingcurve between −30° C. and the end of melting using a linear baseline.

GPC Method (Excluding Samples 1-4 and A-C)

The gel permeation chromatographic system consists of either a PolymerLaboratories Model PL-210 or a Polymer Laboratories Model PL-220instrument. The column and carousel compartments are operated at 140° C.Three Polymer Laboratories 10-micron Mixed-B columns are used. Thesolvent is 1,2,4 trichlorobenzene. The samples are prepared at aconcentration of 0.1 grams of polymer in 50 milliliters of solventcontaining 200 ppm of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Samples areprepared by agitating lightly for 2 hours at 160° C. The injectionvolume used is 100 microliters and the flow rate is 1.0 ml/minute.

Calibration of the GPC column set is performed with 21 narrow molecularweight distribution polystyrene standards with molecular weights rangingfrom 580 to 8,400,000, arranged in 6 “cocktail” mixtures with at least adecade of separation between individual molecular weights. The standardsare purchased from Polymer Laboratories (Shropshire, UK). Thepolystyrene standards are prepared at 0.025 grams in 50 milliliters ofsolvent for molecular weights equal to or greater than 1,000,000, and0.05 grams in 50 milliliters of solvent for molecular weights less than1,000,000. The polystyrene standards are dissolved at 80° C. with gentleagitation for 30 minutes. The narrow standards mixtures are run firstand in order of decreasing highest molecular weight component tominimize degradation. The polystyrene standard peak molecular weightsare converted to polyethylene molecular weights using the followingequation (as described in Williams and Ward, J. Polym. Sci., Polym.Let., 6, 621 (1968)): M_(polyethylene)=0.431(M_(polystyrene)).

Polyethylene equivalent molecular weight calculations are performedusing Viscotek TriSEC software Version 3.0.

Compression Set

Compression set is measured according to ASTM D 395. The sample isprepared by stacking 25.4 mm diameter round discs of 3.2 mm, 2.0 mm, and0.25 mm thickness until a total thickness of 12.7 mm is reached. Thediscs are cut from 12.7 cm×12.7 cm compression molded plaques moldedwith a hot press under the following conditions: zero pressure for 3 minat 190° C., followed by 86 MPa for 2 min at 190° C., followed by coolinginside the press with cold running water at 86 MPa.

Density

Samples for density measurement are prepared according to ASTM D 1928.Measurements are made within one hour of sample pressing using ASTMD792, Method B.

Flexural/Secant Modulus/Storage Modulus

Samples are compression molded using ASTM D 1928. Flexural and 2 percentsecant moduli are measured according to ASTM D-790. Storage modulus ismeasured according to ASTM D 5026-01 or equivalent technique.

Optical Properties

Films of 0.4 mm thickness are compression molded using a hot press(Carver Model #4095-4PR1001R). The pellets are placed betweenpolytetrafluoroethylene sheets, heated at 190° C. at 55 psi (380 kPa)for 3 min, followed by 1.3 MPa for 3 min, and then 2.6 MPa for 3 min.The film is then cooled in the press with running cold water at 1.3 MPafor 1 min. The compression molded films are used for opticalmeasurements, tensile behavior, recovery, and stress relaxation.

Clarity is measured using BYK Gardner Haze-gard as specified in ASTM D1746.

45° gloss is measured using BYK Gardner Glossmeter Microgloss 45° asspecified in ASTM D-2457.

Internal haze is measured using BYK Gardner Haze-gard based on ASTM D1003 Procedure A. Mineral oil is applied to the film surface to removesurface scratches.

Mechanical Properties—Tensile, Hysteresis, and Tear

Stress-strain behavior in uniaxial tension is measured using ASTM D 1708microtensile specimens. Samples are stretched with an Instron at 500%min⁻¹ at 21° C. Tensile strength and elongation at break are reportedfrom an average of 5 specimens.

100% and 300% Hysteresis is determined from cyclic loading to 100% and300% strains using ASTM D 1708 microtensile specimens with an Instron™instrument. The sample is loaded and unloaded at 267% min⁻¹ for 3 cyclesat 21° C. Cyclic experiments at 300% and 80° C. are conducted using anenvironmental chamber. In the 80° C. experiment, the sample is allowedto equilibrate for 45 minutes at the test temperature before testing. Inthe 21° C., 300% strain cyclic experiment, the retractive stress at 150%strain from the first unloading cycle is recorded. Percent recovery forall experiments are calculated from the first unloading cycle using thestrain at which the load returned to the base line. The percent recoveryis defined as:

${\%\mspace{20mu}{Recovery}} = {\frac{ɛ_{f} - ɛ_{s}}{ɛ_{f}} \times 100}$where ε_(f) is the strain taken for cyclic loading and ε_(s) is thestrain where the load returns to the baseline during the 1^(st)unloading cycle.

Stress relaxation is measured at 50 percent strain and 37° C. for 12hours using an Instron™ instrument equipped with an environmentalchamber. The gauge geometry was 76 mm×25 mm×0.4 mm. After equilibratingat 37° C. for 45 min in the environmental chamber, the sample wasstretched to 50% strain at 333% min⁻¹. Stress was recorded as a functionof time for 12 hours. The percent stress relaxation after 12 hours wascalculated using the formula:

${\%\mspace{20mu}{Stress}\mspace{14mu}{Relaxation}} = {\frac{L_{0} - L_{12}}{L_{0}} \times 100}$

where L₀ is the load at 50% strain at 0 time and L₁₂ is the load at 50percent strain after 12 hours.

Tensile notched tear experiments are carried out on samples having adensity of 0.88 g/cc or less using an Instron™ instrument. The geometryconsists of a gauge section of 76 mm×13 mm×0.4 mm with a 2 mm notch cutinto the sample at half the specimen length. The sample is stretched at508 mm min⁻¹ at 21° C. until it breaks. The tear energy is calculated asthe area under the stress-elongation curve up to strain at maximum load.An average of at least 3 specimens are reported.

TMA

Thermal Mechanical Analysis (Penetration Temperature) is conducted on 30mm diameter×3.3 mm thick, compression molded discs, formed at 180° C.and 10 MPa molding pressure for 5 minutes and then air quenched. Theinstrument used is a TMA 7, brand available from Perkin-Elmer. In thetest, a probe with 1.5 mm radius tip (P/N N519-0416) is applied to thesurface of the sample disc with 1N force. The temperature is raised at5° C./min from 25° C. The probe penetration distance is measured as afunction of temperature. The experiment ends when the probe haspenetrated 1 mm into the sample.

DMA

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is measured on compression moldeddisks formed in a hot press at 180° C. at 10 MPa pressure for 5 minutesand then water cooled in the press at 90° C./min. Testing is conductedusing an ARES controlled strain rheometer (TA instruments) equipped withdual cantilever fixtures for torsion testing.

A 1.5 mm plaque is pressed and cut in a bar of dimensions 32×12 mm. Thesample is clamped at both ends between fixtures separated by 10 mm (gripseparation ΔL) and subjected to successive temperature steps from −100°C. to 200° C. (5° C. per step). At each temperature the torsion modulusG′ is measured at an angular frequency of 10 rad/s, the strain amplitudebeing maintained between 0.1 percent and 4 percent to ensure that thetorque is sufficient and that the measurement remains in the linearregime.

An initial static force of 10 g is maintained (auto-tension mode) toprevent slack in the sample when thermal expansion occurs. As aconsequence, the grip separation ΔL increases with the temperature,particularly above the melting or softening point of the polymer sample.The test stops at the maximum temperature or when the gap between thefixtures reaches 65 mm.

Melt Index

Melt index, or I₂, is measured in accordance with ASTM D 1238, Condition190° C./2.16 kg. Melt index, or I₁₀ is also measured in accordance withASTM D 1238, Condition 190° C./10 kg.

ATREF

Analytical temperature rising elution fractionation (ATREF) analysis isconducted according to the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,798,081and Wilde, L.; Ryle, T. R.; Knobeloch, D. C.; Peat, I. R.; Determinationof Branching Distributions in Polyethylene and Ethylene Copolymers, J.Polym. Sci., 20, 441-455 (1982), which are incorporated by referenceherein in their entirety. The composition to be analyzed is dissolved intrichlorobenzene and allowed to crystallize in a column containing aninert support (stainless steel shot) by slowly reducing the temperatureto 20° C. at a cooling rate of 0.1° C./min. The column is equipped withan infrared detector. An ATREF chromatogram curve is then generated byeluting the crystallized polymer sample from the column by slowlyincreasing the temperature of the eluting solvent (trichlorobenzene)from 20 to 120° C. at a rate of 1.5° C./min.

¹³C NMR Analysis

The samples are prepared by adding approximately 3 g of a 50/50 mixtureof tetrachloroethane-d²/orthodichlorobenzene to 0.4 g sample in a 10 mmNMR tube. The samples are dissolved and homogenized by heating the tubeand its contents to 150° C. The data are collected using a JEOL Eclipse™400 MHz spectrometer or a Varian Unity Plus™ 400 MHz spectrometer,corresponding to a ¹³C resonance frequency of 100.5 MHz. The data areacquired using 4000 transients per data file with a 6 second pulserepetition delay. To achieve minimum signal-to-noise for quantitativeanalysis, multiple data files are added together. The spectral width is25,000 Hz with a minimum file size of 32K data points. The samples areanalyzed at 130° C. in a 10 mm broad band probe. The comonomerincorporation is determined using Randall's triad method (Randall, J.C.; JMS-Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys., C29, 201-317 (1989), which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Polymer Fractionation by TREF

Large-scale TREF fractionation is carried by dissolving 15-20 g ofpolymer in 2 liters of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB)by stirring for 4hours at 160° C. The polymer solution is forced by 15 psig (100 kPa)nitrogen onto a 3 inch by 4 foot (7.6 cm×12 cm) steel column packed witha 60:40 (v:v) mix of 30-40 mesh (600-425 μm) spherical, technicalquality glass beads (available from Potters Industries, HC 30 Box 20,Brownwood, Tex., 76801) and stainless steel, 0.028″ (0.7 mm) diametercut wire shot (available from Pellets, Inc. 63 Industrial Drive, NorthTonawanda, N.Y., 14120). The column is immersed in a thermallycontrolled oil jacket, set initially to 160° C. The column is firstcooled ballistically to 125° C., then slow cooled to 20° C. at 0.04° C.per minute and held for one hour. Fresh TCB is introduced at about 65ml/min while the temperature is increased at 0.167° C. per minute.

Approximately 2000 ml portions of eluant from the preparative TREFcolumn are collected in a 16 station, heated fraction collector. Thepolymer is concentrated in each fraction using a rotary evaporator untilabout 50 to 100 ml of the polymer solution remains. The concentratedsolutions are allowed to stand overnight before adding excess methanol,filtering, and rinsing (approx. 300-500 ml of methanol including thefinal rinse). The filtration step is performed on a 3 position vacuumassisted filtering station using 5.0 μm polytetrafluoroethylene coatedfilter paper (available from Osmonics Inc., Cat# Z50WP04750). Thefiltrated fractions are dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 60° C. andweighed on an analytical balance before further testing.

Melt Strength

Melt Strength (MS) is measured by using a capillary rheometer fittedwith a 2.1 mm diameter, 20:1 die with an entrance angle of approximately45 degrees. After equilibrating the samples at 190° C. for 10 minutes,the piston is run at a speed of 1 inch/minute (2.54 cm/minute). Thestandard test temperature is 190° C. The sample is drawn uniaxially to aset of accelerating nips located 100 mm below the die with anacceleration of 2.4 mm/sec². The required tensile force is recorded as afunction of the take-up speed of the nip rolls. The maximum tensileforce attained during the test is defined as the melt strength. In thecase of polymer melt exhibiting draw resonance, the tensile force beforethe onset of draw resonance was taken as melt strength. The meltstrength is recorded in centiNewtons (“cN”).

Catalysts

The term “overnight”, if used, refers to a time of approximately 16-18hours, the term “room temperature”, refers to a temperature of 20-25°C., and the term “mixed alkanes” refers to a commercially obtainedmixture of C₆₋₉ aliphatic hydrocarbons available under the tradedesignation Isopar E®, from ExxonMobil Chemical Company. In the eventthe name of a compound herein does not conform to the structuralrepresentation thereof, the structural representation shall control. Thesynthesis of all metal complexes and the preparation of all screeningexperiments were carried out in a dry nitrogen atmosphere using dry boxtechniques. All solvents used were HPLC grade and were dried beforetheir use.

MMAO refers to modified methylalumoxane, a triisobutylaluminum modifiedmethylalumoxane available commercially from Akzo-Noble Corporation.

-   -   The preparation of catalyst (B1) is conducted as follows.        a) Preparation of        (1-methylethyl)(2-hydroxy-3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl)methylamine

3,5-Di-t-butylsalicylaldehyde (3.00 g) is added to 10 mL ofisopropylamine. The solution rapidly turns bright yellow. After stirringat ambient temperature for 3 hours, volatiles are removed under vacuumto yield a bright yellow, crystalline solid (97 percent yield).

b) Preparation of1,2-bis-(3,5-di-t-butylphenylene)(1-(N-(1-methylethyl)immino)methyl)(2-oxoyl)zirconium dibenzyl

A solution of (1-methylethyl)(2-hydroxy-3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl)imine (605mg, 2.2 mmol) in 5 mL toluene is slowly added to a solution ofZr(CH₂Ph)₄ (500 mg, 1.1 mmol) in 50 mL toluene. The resulting darkyellow solution is stirred for 30 min. Solvent is removed under reducedpressure to yield the desired product as a reddish-brown solid. Thepreparation of catalyst (B2) is conducted as follows.

a) Preparation of(1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)ethyl)(2-oxoyl-3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl)imine

2-Methylcyclohexylamine (8.44 mL, 64.0 mmol) is dissolved in methanol(90 mL), and di-t-butylsalicaldehyde (10.00 g, 42.67 mmol) is added. Thereaction mixture is stirred for three hours and then cooled to −25° C.for 12 hrs. The resulting yellow solid precipitate is collected byfiltration and washed with cold methanol (2×15 mL), and then dried underreduced pressure. The yield is 11.17 g of a yellow solid. ¹H NMR isconsistent with the desired product as a mixture of isomers.

b) Preparation ofbis-(1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)ethyl)(2-oxoyl-3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl)immino)zirconium dibenzyl

A solution of(1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)ethyl)(2-oxoyl-3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl)imine (7.63g, 23.2 mmol) in 200 mL toluene is slowly added to a solution ofZr(CH₂Ph)₄ (5.28 g, 11.6 mmol) in 600 mL toluene. The resulting darkyellow solution is stirred for 1 hour at 25° C. The solution is dilutedfurther with 680 mL toluene to give a solution having a concentration of0.00783 M.

Cocatalyst 1 A mixture of methyldi(C₁₄₋₁₈ alkyl)ammonium salts oftetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (here-in-after armeenium borate),prepared by reaction of a long chain trialkylamine (Armeen™ M2HT,available from Akzo-Nobel, Inc.), HCl and Li[B(C₆F₅)₄], substantially asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,919,9883, Ex. 2.

Cocatalyst 2 Mixed C₁₄₋₁₈ alkyldimethylammonium salt ofbis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)-alumane)-2-undecylimidazolide, preparedaccording to U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,671, Ex. 16.

Shuttling Agents The shuttling agents employed include diethylzinc (DEZ,SA1), di(i-butyl)zinc (SA2), di(n-hexyl)zinc (SA3), triethylaluminum(TEA, SA4), trioctylaluminum (SA5), triethylgallium (SA6),i-butylaluminum bis(dimethyl(t-butyl)siloxane) (SA7), i-butylaluminumbis(di(trimethylsilyl)amide) (SA8), n-octylaluminumdi(pyridine-2-methoxide) (SA9), bis(n-octadecyl)i-butylaluminum (SA10),i-butylaluminum bis(di(n-pentyl)amide) (SA11), n-octylaluminumbis(2,6-di-t-butylphenoxide) (SA12), n-octylaluminumdi(ethyl(1-naphthyl)amide) (SA13), ethylaluminumbis(t-butyldimethylsiloxide) (SA14), ethylaluminumdi(bis(trimethylsilyl)amide) (SA15), ethylaluminumbis(2,3,6,7-dibenzo-1-azacycloheptaneamide) (SA16), n-octylaluminumbis(2,3,6,7-dibenzo-1-azacycloheptaneamide) (SA17), n-octylaluminumbis(dimethyl(t-butyl)siloxide(SA18), ethylzinc (2,6-diphenylphenoxide)(SA19), and ethylzinc (t-butoxide) (SA20).

Examples 1-4, Comparative Examples A*-C*

General High Throughput Parallel Polymerization Conditions

Polymerizations are conducted using a high throughput, parallelpolymerization reactor (PPR) available from Symyx technologies, Inc. andoperated substantially according to U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,248,540, 6,030,917,6,362,309, 6,306,658, and 6,316,663. Ethylene copolymerizations areconducted at 130° C. and 200 psi (1.4 MPa) with ethylene on demand using1.2 equivalents of cocatalyst 1 based on total catalyst used (1.1equivalents when MMAO is present). A series of polymerizations areconducted in a parallel pressure reactor (PPR) contained of 48individual reactor cells in a 6×8 array that are fitted with apre-weighed glass tube. The working volume in each reactor cell is 6000μL. Each cell is temperature and pressure controlled with stirringprovided by individual stirring paddles. The monomer gas and quench gasare plumbed directly into the PPR unit and controlled by automaticvalves. Liquid reagents are robotically added to each reactor cell bysyringes and the reservoir solvent is mixed alkanes. The order ofaddition is mixed alkanes solvent (4 ml), ethylene, 1-octene comonomer(1 ml), cocatalyst 1 or cocatalyst 1/MMAO mixture, shuttling agent, andcatalyst or catalyst mixture. When a mixture of cocatalyst 1 and MMAO ora mixture of two catalysts is used, the reagents are premixed in a smallvial immediately prior to addition to the reactor. When a reagent isomitted in an experiment, the above order of addition is otherwisemaintained. Polymerizations are conducted for approximately 1-2 minutes,until predetermined ethylene consumptions are reached. After quenchingwith CO, the reactors are cooled and the glass tubes are unloaded. Thetubes are transferred to a centrifuge/vacuum drying unit, and dried for12 hours at 60° C. The tubes containing dried polymer are weighed andthe difference between this weight and the tare weight gives the netyield of polymer. Results are contained in Table 1. In Table 1 andelsewhere in the application, comparative compounds are indicated by anasterisk (*).

Examples 1-4 demonstrate the synthesis of linear block copolymers by thepresent invention as evidenced by the formation of a very narrow MWD,essentially monomodal copolymer when DEZ is present and a bimodal, broadmolecular weight distribution product (a mixture of separately producedpolymers) in the absence of DEZ. Due to the fact that Catalyst (A1) isknown to incorporate more octene than Catalyst (B1), the differentblocks or segments of the resulting copolymers of the invention aredistinguishable based on branching or density.

TABLE 1 Cat. (A1) Cat (B1) Cocat MMAO shuttling Ex. (μmol) (μmol) (μmol)(μmol) agent (μmol) Yield (g) Mn Mw/Mn hexyls¹ A* 0.06 — 0.066 0.3 —0.1363 300502 3.32 — B* — 0.1 0.110 0.5 — 0.1581 36957 1.22 2.5 C* 0.060.1 0.176 0.8 — 0.2038 45526 5.30² 5.5 1 0.06 0.1 0.192 — DEZ (8.0)0.1974 28715 1.19 4.8 2 0.06 0.1 0.192 — DEZ (80.0) 0.1468 2161 1.1214.4 3 0.06 0.1 0.192 — TEA (8.0) 0.208 22675 1.71 4.6 4 0.06 0.1 0.192— TEA (80.0) 0.1879 3338 1.54 9.4 ¹C₆ or higher chain content per 1000carbons ²Bimodal molecular weight distribution

It may be seen the polymers produced according to the invention have arelatively narrow polydispersity (Mw/Mn) and larger block-copolymercontent (trimer, tetramer, or larger) than polymers prepared in theabsence of the shuttling agent.

Further characterizing data for the polymers of Table 1 are determinedby reference to the figures. More specifically DSC and ATREF resultsshow the following:

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 1 shows a 115.7° C. meltingpoint (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 158.1 J/g. The corresponding CRYSTAFcurve shows the tallest peak at 34.5° C. with a peak area of 52.9percent. The difference between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystaf is 81.2° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 2 shows a peak with a 109.7° C.melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 214.0 J/g. The correspondingCRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 46.2° C. with a peak area of57.0 percent. The difference between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystaf is63.5° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 3 shows a peak with a 120.7° C.melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 160.1 J/g. The correspondingCRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 66.1° C. with a peak area of71.8 percent. The difference between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystaf is54.6° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 4 shows a peak with a 104.5° C.melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 170.7 J/g. The correspondingCRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 30° C. with a peak area of 18.2percent. The difference between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystaf is 74.5° C.

The DSC curve for Comparative Example A* shows a 90.0° C. melting point(Tm) with a heat of fusion of 86.7 J/g. The corresponding CRYSTAF curveshows the tallest peak at 48.5° C. with a peak area of 29.4 percent.Both of these values are consistent with a resin that is low in density.The difference between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystaf is 41.8° C.

The DSC curve for Comparative Example B* shows a 129.8° C. melting point(Tm) with a heat of fusion of 237.0 J/g. The corresponding CRYSTAF curveshows the tallest peak at 82.4° C. with a peak area of 83.7 percent.Both of these values are consistent with a resin that is high indensity. The difference between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystaf is 47.4° C.

The DSC curve for Comparative Example C* shows a 125.3° C. melting point(Tm) with a heat of fusion of 143.0 J/g. The corresponding CRYSTAF curveshows the tallest peak at 81.8° C. with a peak area of 34.7 percent aswell as a lower crystalline peak at 52.4° C. The separation between thetwo peaks is consistent with the presence of a high crystalline and alow crystalline polymer. The difference between the DSC Tm and theTcrystaf is 43.5° C.

Examples 5-19, Comparative Examples D*-F* Continuous SolutionPolymerization, Catalyst A1/B2+DEZ

Continuous solution polymerizations are carried out in a computercontrolled autoclave reactor equipped with an internal stirrer. Purifiedmixed alkanes solvent (Isopar™ E available from ExxonMobil ChemicalCompany), ethylene at 2.70 lbs/hour (1.22 kg/hour), 1-octene, andhydrogen (where used) are supplied to a 3.8 L reactor equipped with ajacket for temperature control and an internal thermocouple. The solventfeed to the reactor is measured by a mass-flow controller. A variablespeed diaphragm pump controls the solvent flow rate and pressure to thereactor. At the discharge of the pump, a side stream is taken to provideflush flows for the catalyst and cocatalyst 1 injection lines and thereactor agitator. These flows are measured by Micro-Motion mass flowmeters and controlled by control valves or by the manual adjustment ofneedle valves. The remaining solvent is combined with 1-octene,ethylene, and hydrogen (where used) and fed to the reactor. A mass flowcontroller is used to deliver hydrogen to the reactor as needed. Thetemperature of the solvent/monomer solution is controlled by use of aheat exchanger before entering the reactor. This stream enters thebottom of the reactor. The catalyst component solutions are meteredusing pumps and mass flow meters and are combined with the catalystflush solvent and introduced into the bottom of the reactor. The reactoris run liquid-full at 500 psig (3.45 MPa) with vigorous stirring.Product is removed through exit lines at the top of the reactor. Allexit lines from the reactor are steam traced and insulated.Polymerization is stopped by the addition of a small amount of waterinto the exit line along with any stabilizers or other additives andpassing the mixture through a static mixer. The product stream is thenheated by passing through a heat exchanger before devolatilization. Thepolymer product is recovered by extrusion using a devolatilizingextruder and water cooled pelletizer. Process details and results arecontained in Table 2. Selected polymer properties are provided in Table3.

TABLE 2 Process details for preparation of exemplary polymers Cat Cat A1Cat B2 DEZ Cocat Cocat Poly C₈H₁₆ Solv. H₂ T A1² Flow B2³ Flow DEZ FlowConc. Flow [C₂H₄]/ Rate⁵ Conv Ex. kg/hr kg/hr sccm¹ ° C. ppm kg/hr ppmKg/hr Conc % kg/hr ppm kg/hr [DEZ]⁴ kg/hr %⁶ Solids % Eff.⁷ D* 1.63 12.729.90 120 142.2  0.14 — — 0.19 0.32 820 0.17 536 1.81 88.8 11.2 95.2 E*″  9.5 5.00 ″ — — 109   0.10 0.19 ″ 1743  0.40 485 1.47 89.9 11.3 126.8F* ″ 11.3 251.6 ″ 71.7 0.06 30.8 0.06 — — ″ 0.11 — 1.55 88.5 10.3 257.7 5 ″ ″ — ″ ″ 0.14 30.8 0.13 0.17 0.43 ″ 0.26 419 1.64 89.6 11.1 118.3  6″ ″ 4.92 ″ ″ 0.10 30.4 0.08 0.17 0.32 ″ 0.18 570 1.65 89.3 11.1 172.7  7″ ″ 21.70 ″ ″ 0.07 30.8 0.06 0.17 0.25 ″ 0.13 718 1.60 89.2 10.6 244.1 8 ″ ″ 36.90 ″ ″ 0.06 ″ ″ ″ 0.10 ″ 0.12 1778  1.62 90.0 10.8 261.1  9 ″″ 78.43 ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ 0.04 ″ ″ 4596  1.63 90.2 10.8 267.9 10 ″ ″ 0.00 12371.1 0.12 30.3 0.14 0.34 0.19 1743 0.08 415 1.67 90.31 11.1 131.1 11 ″ ″″ 120 71.1 0.16 ″ 0.17 0.80 0.15 1743 0.10 249 1.68 89.56 11.1 100.6 12″ ″ ″ 121 71.1 0.15 ″ 0.07 ″ 0.09 1743 0.07 396 1.70 90.02 11.3 137.0 13″ ″ ″ 122 71.1 0.12 ″ 0.06 ″ 0.05 1743 0.05 653 1.69 89.64 11.2 161.9 14″ ″ ″ 120 71.1 0.05 ″ 0.29 ″ 0.10 1743 0.10 395 1.41 89.42 9.3 114.1 152.45 ″ ″ ″ 71.1 0.14 ″ 0.17 ″ 0.14 1743 0.09 282 1.80 89.33 11.3 121.316 ″ ″ ″ 122 71.1 0.10 ″ 0.13 ″ 0.07 1743 0.07 485 1.78 90.11 11.2 159.717 ″ ″ ″ 121 71.1 0.10 ″ 0.14 ″ 0.08 1743 ″ 506 1.75 89.08 11.0 155.6 180.69 ″ ″ 121 71.1 ″ ″ 0.22 ″ 0.11 1743 0.10 331 1.25 89.93 8.8 90.2 190.32 ″ ″ 122 71.1 0.06 ″ ″ ″ 0.09 1743 0.08 367 1.16 90.74 8.4 106.0*Comparative, not an example of the invention ¹standard cm³/min²[N-(2,6-di(1-methylethyl)phenyl)amido)(2-isopropylphenyl)(α-naphthalen-2-diyl(6-pyridin-2-diyl)methane)]hafniumdimethyl³bis-(1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)ethyl)(2-oxoyl-3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl)immino)zirconium dibenzyl ⁴molar ratio in reactor ⁵polymer production rate⁶percent ethylene conversion in reactor ⁷efficiency, kg polymer/g Mwhere g M = g Hf + g Zr

TABLE 3 Properties of exemplary polymers Heat of CRYSTAF Density Mw MnFusion T_(m) T_(c) T_(CRYSTAF) Tm − T_(CRYSTAF) Peak Area Ex. (g/cm³) I₂I₁₀ I₁₀/I₂ (g/mol) (g/mol) Mw/Mn (J/g) (° C.) (° C.) (° C.) (° C.)(percent) D* 0.8627 1.5 10.0 6.5 110,000 55,800 2.0 32 37 45 30 7 99 E*0.9378 7.0 39.0 5.6 65,000 33,300 2.0 183 124 113 79 45 95 F* 0.8895 0.912.5 13.4 137,300 9,980 13.8 90 125 111 78 47 20  5 0.8786 1.5 9.8 6.7104,600 53,200 2.0 55 120 101 48 72 60  6 0.8785 1.1 7.5 6.5 10960053300 2.1 55 115 94 44 71 63  7 0.8825 1.0 7.2 7.1 118,500 53,100 2.2 69121 103 49 72 29  8 0.8828 0.9 6.8 7.7 129,000 40,100 3.2 68 124 106 8043 13  9 0.8836 1.1 9.7 9.1 129600 28700 4.5 74 125 109 81 44 16 100.8784 1.2 7.5 6.5 113,100 58,200 1.9 54 116 92 41 75 52 11 0.8818 9.159.2 6.5 66,200 36,500 1.8 63 114 93 40 74 25 12 0.8700 2.1 13.2 6.4101,500 55,100 1.8 40 113 80 30 83 91 13 0.8718 0.7 4.4 6.5 132,10063,600 2.1 42 114 80 30 81 8 14 0.9116 2.6 15.6 6.0 81,900 43,600 1.9123 121 106 73 48 92 15 0.8719 6.0 41.6 6.9 79,900 40,100 2.0 33 114 9132 82 10 16 0.8758 0.5 3.4 7.1 148,500 74,900 2.0 43 117 96 48 69 65 170.8757 1.7 11.3 6.8 107,500 54,000 2.0 43 116 96 43 73 57 18 0.9192 4.124.9 6.1 72,000 37,900 1.9 136 120 106 70 50 94 19 0.9344 3.4 20.3 6.076,800 39,400 1.9 169 125 112 80 45 88

The resulting polymers are tested by DSC and ATREF as with previousexamples. Results are as follows:

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 5 shows a peak with a 119.6° C.melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 60.0 J/g. The correspondingCRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 47.6° C. with a peak area of59.5 percent. The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystaf is 72.0° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 6 shows a peak with a 115.2° C.melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 60.4 J/g. The correspondingCRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 44.2° C. with a peak area of62.7 percent. The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystaf is 71.0° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 7 shows a peak with a 121.3° C.melting point with a heat of fusion of 69.1 J/g. The correspondingCRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 49.2° C. with a peak area of29.4 percent. The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystaf is 72.1° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 8 shows a peak with a 123.5° C.melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 67.9 J/g. The correspondingCRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 80.1° C. with a peak area of12.7 percent. The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystaf is 43.4° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 9 shows a peak with a 124.6° C.melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 73.5 J/g. The correspondingCRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 80.8° C. with a peak area of16.0 percent. The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystaf is 43.8° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 10 shows a peak with a 115.6°C. melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 60.7 J/g. Thecorresponding CRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 40.9° C. with apeak area of 52.4 percent. The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystafis 74.7° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 11 shows a peak with a 113.6°C. melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 70.4 J/g. Thecorresponding CRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 39.6° C. with apeak area of 25.2 percent. The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystafis 74.1° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 12 shows a peak with a 113.2°C. melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 48.9 J/g. Thecorresponding CRYSTAF curve shows no peak equal to or above 30° C.(Tcrystaf for purposes of further calculation is therefore set at 30°C.). The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystaf is 83.2° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 13 shows a peak with a 114.4°C. melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 49.4 J/g. Thecorresponding CRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 33.8° C. with apeak area of 7.7 percent. The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystafis 84.4° C.

The DSC for the polymer of example 14 shows a peak with a 120.8° C.melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 127.9 J/g. The correspondingCRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 72.9° C. with a peak area of92.2 percent. The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystaf is 47.9° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 15 shows a peak with a 114.3°C. melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 36.2 J/g. Thecorresponding CRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 32.3° C. with apeak area of 9.8 percent. The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystafis 82.0° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 16 shows a peak with a 116.6°C. melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 44.9 J/g. Thecorresponding CRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 48.0° C. with apeak area of 65.0 percent. The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystafis 68.6° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 17 shows a peak with a 116.0°C. melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 47.0 J/g. Thecorresponding CRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 43.1° C. with apeak area of 56.8 percent. The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystafis 72.9° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 18 shows a peak with a 120.5°C. melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 141.8 J/g. Thecorresponding CRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 70.0° C. with apeak area of 94.0 percent. The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystafis 50.5° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of example 19 shows a peak with a 124.8°C. melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 174.8 J/g. Thecorresponding CRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 79.9° C. with apeak area of 87.9 percent. The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystafis 45.0° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of Comparative Example D* shows a peakwith a 37.3° C. melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 31.6 J/g.The corresponding CRYSTAF curve shows no peak equal to and above 30° C.Both of these values are consistent with a resin that is low in density.The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystaf is 7.3° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of Comparative Example E* shows a peakwith a 124.0° C. melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 179.3 J/g.The corresponding CRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 79.3° C. witha peak area of 94.6 percent. Both of these values are consistent with aresin that is high in density. The delta between the DSC Tm and theTcrystaf is 44.6° C.

The DSC curve for the polymer of Comparative Example F* shows a peakwith a 124.8° C. melting point (Tm) with a heat of fusion of 90.4 J/g.The corresponding CRYSTAF curve shows the tallest peak at 77.6° C. witha peak area of 19.5 percent. The separation between the two peaks isconsistent with the presence of both a high crystalline and a lowcrystalline polymer. The delta between the DSC Tm and the Tcrystaf is47.2° C.

Physical Property Testing

Polymer samples are evaluated for physical properties such as hightemperature resistance properties, as evidenced by TMA temperaturetesting, pellet blocking strength, high temperature recovery, hightemperature compression set and storage modulus ratio, G′(25°C.)/G′(100° C.). Several commercially available polymers are included inthe tests: Comparative Example G* is a substantially linearethylene/1-octene copolymer (AFFINITY®, available from The Dow ChemicalCompany), Comparative Example H* is an elastomeric, substantially linearethylene/1-octene copolymer (AFFINITY®EG8100, available from The DowChemical Company), Comparative Example I* is a substantially linearethylene/1-octene copolymer (AFFINITY®PL1840, available from The DowChemical Company), Comparative Example J* is a hydrogenatedstyrene/butadiene/styrene triblock copolymer (KRATON™ G1652, availablefrom KRATON Polymers), Comparative Example K* is a thermoplasticvulcanizate (TPV, a polyolefin blend containing dispersed therein acrosslinked elastomer). Results are presented in Table 4.

TABLE 4 High Temperature Mechanical Properties Pellet Blocking 300%Strain TMA-1 mm Strength Recovery Compression penetration lb/ft² G′(25°C.)/ (80° C.) Set (70° C.) Ex. (° C.) (kPa) G′(100° C.) (percent)(percent) D* 51 — 9 Failed — E* 130 — 18 — — F* 70 141 (6.8) 9 Failed100  5 104  0 (0) 6 81 49  6 110 — 5 — 52  7 113 — 4 84 43  8 111 — 4Failed 41  9 97 — 4 — 66 10 108 — 5 81 55 11 100 — 8 — 68 12 88 — 8 — 7913 95 — 6 84 71 14 125 — 7 — — 15 96 — 5 — 58 16 113 — 4 — 42 17 108  0(0) 4 82 47 18 125 — 10 — — 19 133 — 9 — — G* 75 463 (22.2) 89 Failed100 H* 70 213 (10.2) 29 Failed 100 I* 111 — 11 — — J* 107 — 5 Failed 100K* 152 — 3 — 40

In Table 4, Comparative Example F* (which is a physical blend of the twopolymers resulting from simultaneous polymerizations using catalyst A1and B1) has a 1 mm penetration temperature of about 70° C., whileExamples 5-9 have a 1 mm penetration temperature of 100° C. or greater.Further, examples 10-19 all have a 1 mm penetration temperature ofgreater than 85° C., with most having 1 mm TMA temperature of greaterthan 90° C. or even greater than 100° C. This shows that the novelpolymers have better dimensional stability at higher temperaturescompared to a physical blend. Comparative Example J* (a commercial SEBS)has a good 1 mm TMA temperature of about 107° C., but it has very poor(high temperature 70° C.) compression set of about 100 percent and italso failed to recover (sample broke) during a high temperature (80° C.)300 percent strain recovery. Thus the exemplified polymers have a uniquecombination of properties unavailable even in some commerciallyavailable, high performance thermoplastic elastomers.

Similarly, Table 4 shows a low (good) storage modulus ratio, G′(25°C.)/G′(100° C.), for the inventive polymers of 6 or less, whereas aphysical blend (Comparative Example F*) has a storage modulus ratio of 9and a random ethylene/octene copolymer (Comparative Example G*) ofsimilar density has a storage modulus ratio an order of magnitudegreater (89). It is desirable that the storage modulus ratio of apolymer be as close to 1 as possible. Such polymers will be relativelyunaffected by temperature, and fabricated articles made from suchpolymers can be usefully employed over a broad temperature range. Thisfeature of low storage modulus ratio and temperature independence isparticularly useful in elastomer applications such as in pressuresensitive adhesive formulations.

The data in Table 4 also demonstrate that the polymers of the inventionpossess improved pellet blocking strength. In particular, Example 5 hasa pellet blocking strength of 0 MPa, meaning it is free flowing underthe conditions tested, compared to Comparative Examples F* and G* whichshow considerable blocking. Blocking strength is important since bulkshipment of polymers having large blocking strengths can result inproduct clumping or sticking together upon storage or shipping,resulting in poor handling properties.

High temperature (70° C.) compression set for the inventive polymers isgenerally good, meaning generally less than about 80 percent, preferablyless than about 70 percent and especially less than about 60 percent. Incontrast, Comparative Examples F*, G*, H* and J* all have a 70° C.compression set of 100 percent (the maximum possible value, indicatingno recovery). Good high temperature compression set (low numericalvalues) is especially needed for applications such as gaskets, windowprofiles, o-rings, and the like.

TABLE 5 Ambient Temperature Mechanical Properties Tensile 100% 300%Retractive Stress Abrasion: Notched Strain Strain Stress Com- Relax-Flex Tensile Tensile Elongation Tensile Elongation Volume Tear RecoveryRecovery at 150% pression ation Modulus Modulus Strength at Break¹Strength at Break Loss Strength 21° C. 21° C. Strain Set 21° C. at 50%Ex. (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)¹ (%) (MPa) (%) (mm³) (mJ) (percent) (percent)(kPa) (Percent) Strain² D* 12 5 — — 10 1074 — — 91 83 760 — — E* 895 589— 31 1029 — — — — — — — F* 57 46 — — 12 824 93 339 78 65 400 42 —  5 3024 14 951 16 1116 48 — 87 74 790 14 33  6 33 29 — — 14 938 — — — 75 86113 —  7 44 37 15 846 14 854 39 — 82 73 810 20 —  8 41 35 13 785 14 81045 461 82 74 760 22 —  9 43 38 — — 12 823 — — — — — 25 — 10 23 23 — — 14902 — — 86 75 860 12 — 11 30 26 — — 16 1090 — 976 89 66 510 14 30 12 2017 12 961 13 931 — 1247  91 75 700 17 — 13 16 14 — — 13 814 — 691 91 — —21 — 14 212 160 — — 29 857 — — — — — — — 15 18 14 12 1127  10 1573 —2074  89 83 770 14 — 16 23 20 — — 12 968 — — 88 83 1040  13 — 17 20 18 —— 13 1252 — 1274  13 83 920  4 — 18 323 239 — — 30 808 — — — — — — — 19706 483 — — 36 871 — — — — — — — G* 15 15 — — 17 1000 — 746 86 53 110 2750 H* 16 15 — — 15 829 — 569 87 60 380 23 — I* 210 147 — — 29 697 — — —— — — — J* — — — — 32 609 — — 93 96 1900  25 — K* — — — — — — — — — — —30 — ¹Tested at 51 cm/minute ²measured at 38° C. for 12 hours

Table 5 shows results for mechanical properties for the new polymers aswell as for various comparison polymers at ambient temperatures. It maybe seen that the inventive polymers have very good abrasion resistancewhen tested according to ISO 4649, generally showing a volume loss ofless than about 90 mm³, preferably less than about 80 mm³, andespecially less than about 50 mm³. In this test, higher numbers indicatehigher volume loss and consequently lower abrasion resistance.

Tear strength as measured by tensile notched tear strength of theinventive polymers is generally 1000 mJ or higher, as shown in Table 5.Tear strength for the inventive polymers can be as high as 3000 mJ, oreven as high as 5000 mJ. Comparative polymers generally have tearstrengths no higher than 750 mJ.

Table 5 also shows that the polymers of the invention have betterretractive stress at 150 percent strain (demonstrated by higherretractive stress values) than some of the comparative samples.Comparative Examples F*, G* and H* have retractive stress value at 150percent strain of 400 kPa or less, while the inventive polymers haveretractive stress values at 150 percent strain of 500 kPa (Ex. 11) to ashigh as about 1100 kPa (Ex. 17). Polymers having higher than 150 percentretractive stress values would be quite useful for elastic applications,such as elastic fibers and fabrics, especially nonwoven fabrics. Otherapplications include diaper, hygiene, and medical garment waistbandapplications, such as tabs and elastic bands.

Table 5 also shows that stress relaxation (at 50 percent strain) is alsoimproved (less) for the inventive polymers as compared to, for example,Comparative Example G*. Lower stress relaxation means that the polymerretains its force better in applications such as diapers and othergarments where retention of elastic properties over long time periods atbody temperatures is desired.

Optical Testing

TABLE 6 Polymer Optical Properties Ex. Internal Haze (percent) Clarity(percent) 45° Gloss (percent) F* 84 22 49 G* 5 73 56  5 13 72 60  6 3369 53  7 28 57 59  8 20 65 62  9 61 38 49 10 15 73 67 11 13 69 67 12 875 72 13 7 74 69 14 59 15 62 15 11 74 66 16 39 70 65 17 29 73 66 18 6122 60 19 74 11 52 G* 5 73 56 H* 12 76 59 I* 20 75 59

The optical properties reported in Table 6 are based on compressionmolded films substantially lacking in orientation. Optical properties ofthe polymers may be varied over wide ranges, due to variation incrystallite size, resulting from variation in the quantity of chainshuttling agent employed in the polymerization.

Extractions of Multi-Block Copolymers

Extraction studies of the polymers of examples 5, 7 and ComparativeExample E* are conducted. In the experiments, the polymer sample isweighed into a glass fritted extraction thimble and fitted into aKumagawa type extractor. The extractor with sample is purged withnitrogen, and a 500 mL round bottom flask is charged with 350 mL ofdiethyl ether. The flask is then fitted to the extractor. The ether isheated while being stirred. Time is noted when the ether begins tocondense into the thimble, and the extraction is allowed to proceedunder nitrogen for 24 hours. At this time, heating is stopped and thesolution is allowed to cool. Any ether remaining in the extractor isreturned to the flask. The ether in the flask is evaporated under vacuumat ambient temperature, and the resulting solids are purged dry withnitrogen. Any residue is transferred to a weighed bottle usingsuccessive washes of hexane. The combined hexane washes are thenevaporated with another nitrogen purge, and the residue dried undervacuum overnight at 40° C. Any remaining ether in the extractor ispurged dry with nitrogen.

A second clean round bottom flask charged with 350 mL of hexane is thenconnected to the extractor. The hexane is heated to reflux with stirringand maintained at reflux for 24 hours after hexane is first noticedcondensing into the thimble. Heating is then stopped and the flask isallowed to cool. Any hexane remaining in the extractor is transferredback to the flask. The hexane is removed by evaporation under vacuum atambient temperature, and any residue remaining in the flask istransferred to a weighed bottle using successive hexane washes. Thehexane in the flask is evaporated by a nitrogen purge, and the residueis vacuum dried overnight at 40° C.

The polymer sample remaining in the thimble after the extractions istransferred from the thimble to a weighed bottle and vacuum driedovernight at 40° C. Results are contained in Table 7.

TABLE 7 ether ether C₈ hexane hexane C₈ residue wt. soluble soluble molesoluble soluble mole C₈ mole Sample (g) (g) (percent) percent¹ (g)(percent) percent¹ percent¹ Comp. 1.097 0.063 5.69 12.2 0.245 22.35 13.66.5 F* Ex. 5 1.006 0.041 4.08 — 0.040 3.98 14.2 11.6 Ex. 7 1.092 0.0171.59 13.3 0.012 1.10 11.7 9.9 ¹Determined by ¹³C NMRAdditional Polymer Examples 19 A-F, Continuous Solution Polymerization,Catalyst A1/B2+DEZ

Continuous solution polymerizations are carried out in a computercontrolled well-mixed reactor. Purified mixed alkanes solvent (Isopar™ Eavailable from ExxonMobil Chemical Company.), ethylene, 1-octene, andhydrogen (where used) are combined and fed to a 27 gallon reactor. Thefeeds to the reactor are measured by mass-flow controllers. Thetemperature of the feed stream is controlled by use of a glycol cooledheat exchanger before entering the reactor. The catalyst componentsolutions are metered using pumps and mass flow meters. The reactor isrun liquid-full at approximately 550 psig pressure. Upon exiting thereactor, water and additive are injected in the polymer solution. Thewater hydrolyzes the catalysts, and terminates the polymerizationreactions. The post reactor solution is then heated in preparation for atwo-stage devolatization. The solvent and unreacted monomers are removedduring the devolatization process. The polymer melt is pumped to a diefor underwater pellet cutting.

Process details and results are contained in Table 8. Selected polymerproperties are provided in Table 9.

TABLE 8 Polymerization Conditions for Polymers 19A-J Cat Cat Cat Cat A1²A1 B2³ B2 DEZ DEZ C₂H₄ C₈H₁₆ Solv. H₂ T Conc. Flow Conc. Flow Conc FlowEx. lb/hr lb/hr lb/hr sccm¹ ° C. ppm lb/hr ppm lb/hr wt % lb/hr 19A55.29 32.03 323.03 101 120 600 0.25 200 0.42 3.0 0.70 19B 53.95 28.96325.3 577 120 600 0.25 200 0.55 3.0 0.24 19C 55.53 30.97 324.37 550 120600 0.216 200 0.609 3.0 0.69 19D 54.83 30.58 326.33 60 120 600 0.22 2000.63 3.0 1.39 19E 54.95 31.73 326.75 251 120 600 0.21 200 0.61 3.0 1.0419F 50.43 34.80 330.33 124 120 600 0.20 200 0.60 3.0 0.74 19G 50.2533.08 325.61 188 120 600 0.19 200 0.59 3.0 0.54 19H 50.15 34.87 318.1758 120 600 0.21 200 0.66 3.0 0.70 19I 55.02 34.02 323.59 53 120 600 0.44200 0.74 3.0 1.72 19J 7.46 9.04 50.6 47 120 150 0.22 76.7 0.36 0.5 0.19[Zn]⁴ Cocat 1 Cocat 1 Cocat 2 Cocat 2 in Poly Conc. Flow Conc. Flowpolymer Rate⁵ Conv⁶ Polymer Ex. ppm lb/hr ppm lb/hr ppm lb/hr wt % wt %Eff.⁷ 19A 4500 0.65 525 0.33 248 83.94 88.0 17.28 297 19B 4500 0.63 5250.11  90 80.72 88.1 17.2  295 19C 4500 0.61 525 0.33 246 84.13 88.917.16 293 19D 4500 0.66 525 0.66 491 82.56 88.1 17.07 280 19E 4500 0.64525 0.49 368 84.11 88.4 17.43 288 19F 4500 0.52 525 0.35 257 85.31 87.517.09 319 19G 4500 0.51 525 0.16 194 83.72 87.5 17.34 333 19H 4500 0.52525 0.70 259 83.21 88.0 17.46 312 19I 4500 0.70 525 1.65 600 86.63 88.017.6  275 19J — — — — — — — — — ¹standard cm³/min²[N-(2,6-di(1-methylethyl)phenyl)amido)(2-isopropylphenyl)(α-naphthalen-2-diyl(6-pyridin-2-diyl)methane)]hafniumdimethyl³bis-(1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)ethyl)(2-oxoyl-3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl)immino)zirconium dimethyl ⁴ppm in final product calculated by mass balance⁵polymer production rate ⁶weight percent ethylene conversion in reactor⁷efficiency, kg polymer/g M where g M = g Hf + g Z

TABLE 9 Polymer Physical properties Heat of Tm − CRYSTAF Polymer Ex.Density Mw Mn Fusion Tm Tc TCRYSTAF TCRYSTAF Peak Area No. (g/cc) I2 I10I10/I2 (g/mol) (g/mol) Mw/Mn (J/g) (° C.) (° C.) (° C.) (° C.) (wt %)19G 0.8649 0.9 6.4 7.1 135000 64800 2.1 26 120 92 30 90 90 19H 0.86541.0 7.0 7.1 131600 66900 2.0 26 118 88 — — —

TABLE 9b Average Block Index For exemplary polymers¹ Example Zn/C2²Average BI Polymer F 0 0 Polymer 8 0.56 0.59 Polymer 19a 1.3 0.62Polymer 5 2.4 0.52 Polymer 19b 0.56 0.54 Polymer 19h 3.15 0.59¹Additional information regarding the measurement and calculation of theblock indices for various polymers is disclosed in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. _(————————) (insert when known), entitled“Ethylene/α-Olefin Block Interpolymers”, filed on Mar. 15, 2006, in thename of Colin L. P. Shan, Lonnie Hazlitt, et. al. and assigned to DowGlobal Technologies Inc., the disclose of which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. ²Zn/C2 * 1000 = (Zn feed flow * Znconcentration/1000000/Mw of Zn)/(Total Ethylene feed flow * (1 −fractional ethylene conversion rate)/Mw of Ethylene) * 1000. Please notethat “Zn” in “Zn/C2 * 1000” refers to the amount of zinc in diethyl zinc(“DEZ”) used in the polymerization process, and “C2” refers to theamount of ethylene used in the polymerization process.

Examples 20-23 Ethylene/α-olefin Interpolymers

Polymer Examples 20-23 were prepared under reaction conditionssubstantially similar to those for polymer Examples 1-19. One skilled inthe art knows how to manipulate process conditions, such as shuttlingagent ratios, hydrogen flow, monomer concentration, etc., to make atarget polymer with desired properties using the process conditionsalready detailed in the instant application. Properties for the polymersof Examples 20-23 are shown in Tables 10A and 10B.

TABLE 10A Properties of exemplary polymers Overall Mol % Heat of PolymerDensity Butene Mw Mn Fusion Example No. (g/cc) I₂ @ 190 C. I₁₀ @ 190 C.I₁₀/I₂ (NMR) (g/mol) (g/mol) Mw/Mn (J/g) 20 0.8778 0.9 6.39 7.0 12360059300 2.1 57 21 0.8652 1.1 7.48 6.8 14.6 124900 60700 2.1 27 22 0.86661.1 7.20 6.4 17.7 93400 46900 2.0 40 23 0.8641 1.0 6.40 6.4 17.8 11340057700 2.0 44 23A 0.8795 0.9 6.04 6.6 15.1 115700 50500 2.3 61 23B 0.88021.1 7.42 6.8 NM 112200 37200 3.0 63

TABLE 10B Properties of exemplary polymers ATREF Overall CRYSTAF PeakPolymer Overall wt % heat of T_(CRYSTAF) T_(m) − T_(CRYSTAF) Peak AreaT_(ATREF) Area (wt Example No. crystallinity Tm (° C.) cryst (J/g) Tc (°C.) (° C.) (° C.) (wt %) (° C.) %) 20 20 120 56 98 47 72 53 88.5 65 21 9119 29 88 30 89 89 79 44 22 13.6 115.9 33 89 30 86 94 76 23 23 15.1117.9 33 99 30 88 95 72 20 23A 21 118 56 99 36 82 20 86 58 23B 22 122 58105 30 92 77 86.5 53

General Procedure for the Preparation of Lubricant Compositions

Examples 24-27 and Comparative Examples L-W are lubricant compositionshaving formulations and process conditions as shown in Tables 11A, 11Band 11C below. Each of the lubricant composition comprises the same baseoil, i.e, Exxon FN1365 100LP, but a different polymer or VI improver.The ratio of the base oil to the polymer is 99:1 by weight for alllubricant compositions.

TABLE 11A The Formulations of Examples 24-27. Ingredients ExampleExample and Conditions 24 Example 25 26 Example 27 Base Oil* 589.1 589.1589.1 589.1 ethylene/α-olefin 5.95 5.96 5.95 5.95 interpolymer^(#)Solubilization Time 4 4 4 4 (Hours) Solubilization 120 120 120 120Temperature (° C.) Note: *The base oil was Exxon FN1365 100LP. ^(#)Theethylene/α-olefin interpolymers were Examples 20-23 respectively forExamples 24-27.

TABLE 11B The Formulations of Comparative Examples L-Q. IngredientsComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparativeand Conditions Example L Example M Example N Example O Example P ExampleQ Base Oil* 757.4 757.4 757.4 757.4 757.4 757.4 Polymer^(#) 7.65 7.657.65 7.67 7.65 7.65 Solubilization Time 5 5 5 5 5 5 (Hours)Solubilization 120 120 120 120 120 120 Temperature (° C.) Note: *Thebase oil was Exxon FN1365 100LP Base Oil. ^(#)The polymer were ENGAGE ®7270, ENGAGE ® 7467, ENGAGE ® 7447, ENGAGE ® 7256, NORDEL ™ IP NDR 225,and Lubrizol 2016 respectively for Comparative Examples L-Q. ENGAGE ®7270, 7467, 7447, and 7256 are polyolefin elastomers obtained from DOW,Midland, MI. NORDEL ® IP NDR 225 is a ethylene-propylene-dieneterpolymer from DOW. Lubrizol 2016 is an oil additive from LubrizolCorporation, Wickliffe, Ohio.

TABLE 11C The Formulations of Comparative Examples R-W. IngredientsComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparativeand Conditions Example R Example S Example T Example U Example V ExampleW Base Oil* 757.5 757.5 757.4 757.4 757.4 757.4 Polymer^(#) 7.65 7.647.65 7.65 7.64 7.65 Solubilization Time 4.75 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.75 4.75(Hours) Solubilization 120 120 120 120 120 120 Temperature (° C.) Note:*The base oil was Exxon FN1365 100LP Base Oil. ^(#)The polymer wereENGAGE ® 8100, 8130, 8150, 8180, 8200, and 8400 respectively forComparative Examples R-W. ENGAGE ® 8100, 8130, 8150, 8180, 8200, and8400 are polyolefin elastomers obtained from DOW.Testing of Lubricant Compositions

The lubricant compositions, i.e., Examples 24-27, prepared above weretested for their kinematic viscosities, shear stabilities, shearstability indexes and viscosity losses. The results are listed in Tables12A, 12B and 12C below. The kinematic viscosities and shear stabilitiesat 40° C. and 100° C. were measured according to ASTM D445, which isincorporated herein by reference. The shear stability indexes weremeasured according to ASTM D6022, which is incorporated herein byreference. The viscosity losses were measured according to ASTM D6278,which is incorporated herein by reference.

TABLE 12A Test Results of Examples 24-27. Example Example Example Tests24 25 26 Example 27 Kinematic Viscosity / / 54.78 63.04 at 40° C. (cSt)Kinematic Viscosity 9.34 9.67 9.83 10.18 at 100° C. (cSt) KinematicViscosity 41.33 40.62 41.64 41.54 at 40° C. after shear (cSt) KinematicViscosity 8.39 7.64 8.01 7.24 at 100° C. after shear (cSt) ViscosityLoss (%) 10.14 20.96 18.57 28.84 Shear Stability 18.01 36.25 31.72 48.11Index (%)

TABLE 12B Test Results of Comparative Examples L-Q. ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative TestsExample L Example M Example N Example O Example P Example Q Kinematic63.30 56.92 44.31 38.39 48.99 52.57 Viscosity at 40° C. (cSt) Kinematic11.80 10.11 8.09 8.56 8.78 9.32 Viscosity at 100° C. (cSt) Kinematic46.38 40.94 38.51 34.45 41.77 44.78 Viscosity at 40° C. after shear(cSt) Kinematic 8.24 7.56 7.15 7.61 7.66 8.11 Viscosity at 100° C. aftershear (cSt) Viscosity Loss (%) 30.19 25.21 11.65 11.07 12.74 12.99 ShearStability 46.13 42.25 23.49 21.13 23.79 23.08 Index (%)

TABLE 12C Test Results of Comparative Examples R-W. ComparativeComparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative TestsExample R Example S Example T Example U Example V Example W Kinematic56.99 38.46 62.87 59.76 42.79 33.98 Viscosity at 40° C. (cSt) Kinematic10.14 7.16 10.88 10.61 7.89 6.61 Viscosity at 100° C. (cSt) Kinematic42.65 35.48 42.88 40.35 37.83 32.45 Viscosity at 40° C. after shear(cSt) Kinematic 7.66 6.67 7.69 7.49 7.03 6.35 Viscosity at 100° C. aftershear (cSt) Viscosity Loss (%) 24.48 6.87 29.34 29.37 10.97 3.86 ShearStability 40.96 15.95 46.94 47.72 22.71 10.08 Index (%)

As described above, embodiments of the invention provide variouslubricant compositions based on the disclosed ethylene/a-olefininterpolymers as viscosity modifiers for all type of oils andlubricants. These include motor oil, transmission fluids, gear oil, etc.These novels polymers could also be used in other hydrocarbons such asdiesel fuel, both natural and synthetic, hydraulic fluids and other oilsincluding petroleum derived products, synthetic oil and natural oils.The ethylene/a-olefin interpolymers can provide a similar benefit inproperties as the styrenic block copolymers, such as KRATON®. Theseethylene/a-olefin interpolymers can be used to thicken motor oil. Theyoffer the possibility of improved low temperature performance and goodflexibility in formulating motor oil, gear lubricates and greases. Bycontrolling the block distribution of these polymers, low temperatureperformance can be optimized and the undesirable oil and waxinteractions can be avoided. By controlling the level of cystallinity,the polymer product form can be varied from pellets to bales. Additionaladvantages and characteristics are apparent to those skilled in the art.

While the invention has been described with respect to a limited numberof embodiments, the specific features of one embodiment should not beattributed to other embodiments of the invention. No single embodimentis representative of all aspects of the invention. In some embodiments,the compositions or methods may include numerous compounds or steps notmentioned herein. In other embodiments, the compositions or methods donot include, or are substantially free of, any compounds or steps notenumerated herein. Variations and modifications from the describedembodiments exist. Finally, any number disclosed herein should beconstrued to mean approximate, regardless of whether the word “about” or“approximately” is used in describing the number. The appended claimsintend to cover all those modifications and variations as falling withinthe scope of the invention.

1. A lubricant composition comprising: (i) a base oil; and (ii) anethylene/α-olefin interpolymer, wherein the ethylene/α-olefininterpolymer: (a) has a M_(w)/M_(n) from about 1.7 to about 3.5, atleast one melting point, T_(m), in degrees Celsius, and a density, d, ingrams/cubic centimeter, wherein the numerical values of T_(m) and dcorrespond to the relationship:T _(m)>−2002.9+4538.5(d)−2422.2(d)²; or (b) has a M_(w)/M_(n) from about1.7 to about 3.5, and is characterized by a heat of fusion, ΔH in J/g,and a delta quantity, ΔT, in degrees Celsius defined as the temperaturedifference between the tallest DSC peak and the tallest CRYSTAF peak,wherein the numerical values of ΔT and ΔH have the followingrelationships:ΔT>−0.1299(ΔH)+62.81 for ΔH greater than zero and up to 130 J/g,ΔT≧48° C. for ΔH greater than 130 J/g, wherein the CRYSTAF peak isdetermined using at least 5 percent of the cumulative polymer, and ifless than 5 percent of the polymer has an identifiable CRYSTAF peak,then the CRYSTAF temperature is 30° C.; or (c) is characterized by anelastic recovery, Re, in percent at 300 percent strain and 1 cyclemeasured with a compression-molded film of the ethylene/α-olefininterpolymer, and has a density, d, in grams/cubic centimeter, whereinthe numerical values of Re and d satisfy the following relationship whenethylene/α-olefin interpolymer is substantially free of a cross-linkedphase:Re>1481−1629(d); or (d) has a molecular fraction which elutes between40° C. and 130° C. when fractionated using TREF, characterized in thatthe fraction has a molar comonomer content of at least 5 percent higherthan that of a comparable random ethylene interpolymer fraction elutingbetween the same temperatures, wherein said comparable random ethyleneinterpolymer has the same comonomer(s) and has a melt index, density,and molar comonomer content (based on the whole polymer) within 10percent of that of the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer; or (e) has astorage modulus at 25° C., G′(25° C.), and a storage modulus at 100° C.,G′(100° C.), wherein the ratio of G′(25° C.) to G′(100° C.) is in therange of about 1:1 to about 9:1.
 2. The lubricant composition of claim1, wherein the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer has a M_(w)/M_(n) fromabout 1.7 to about 3.5, at least one melting point, T_(m), in degreesCelsius, and a density, d, in grams/cubic centimeter, wherein thenumerical values of T_(m) and d correspond to the relationship:T _(m)≧858.91−1825.3(d)+1112.8(d)².
 3. The lubricant composition ofclaim 1, wherein the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer has a M_(w)/M_(n)from about 1.7 to about 3.5 and is characterized by a heat of fusion, ΔHin J/g, and a delta quantity, ΔT, in degrees Celsius defined as thetemperature difference between the tallest DSC peak and the tallestCRYSTAF peak, wherein the numerical values of ΔT and ΔH have thefollowing relationships:ΔT>−0.1299(ΔH)+62.81 for ΔH greater than zero and up to 130 J/g,ΔT≧48° C. for ΔH greater than 130 J/g, wherein the CRYSTAF peak isdetermined using at least 5 percent of the cumulative polymer, and ifless than 5 percent of the polymer has an identifiable CRYSTAF peak,then the CRYSTAF temperature is 30° C.
 4. The lubricant composition ofclaim 1, wherein the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer is characterized byan elastic recovery, Re, in percent at 300 percent strain and 1 cyclemeasured with a compression-molded film of the ethylene/α-olefininterpolymer, and has a density, d, in grams/cubic centimeter, whereinthe numerical values of Re and d satisfy the following relationship whenethylene/α-olefin interpolymer is substantially free of a cross-linkedphase:Re>1481−1629(d).
 5. The lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein thenumerical values of Re and d satisfy the following relationship:Re>1491−1629(d).
 6. The lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein thenumerical values of Re and d satisfy the following relationship:Re>1501−1629(d).
 7. The lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein thenumerical values of Re and d satisfy the following relationship:Re>1511−1629(d).
 8. The lubricant composition of claims 1, wherein theethylene/α-olefin interpolymer has a molecular fraction which elutesbetween 40° C. and 130° C. when fractionated using TREF, characterizedin that the fraction has a molar comonomer content of at least 5 percenthigher than that of a comparable random ethylene interpolymer fractioneluting between the same temperatures, wherein said comparable randomethylene interpolymer has the same comonomer(s) and has a melt index,density, and molar comonomer content (based on the whole polymer) within10 percent of that of the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer.
 9. Thelubricant composition of claims 1, wherein the ethylene/α-olefininterpolymer has a storage modulus at 25° C., G′(25° C.), and a storagemodulus at 100° C., G′(100° C.), wherein the ratio of G′(25° C.) toG′(100° C.) is in the range of about 1:1 to about 9:1.
 10. The lubricantcomposition of claim 1, wherein the α-olefin is styrene, propylene,1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, norbornene, 1-decene,1,5-hexadiene, or a combination thereof.
 11. The lubricant compositionof claim 1, wherein the base oil is selected from the group consistingof the base stocks of API Groups I, II, III, IV and V and combinationsthereof.
 12. The lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the base oilis a natural oil, a synthetic oil or a combination thereof.
 13. Thelubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the lubricant compositionfurther comprises at least an additive.
 14. The lubricant composition ofclaim 13, wherein the additive is a detergent, a dispersant, a frictionmodifier, a pour point depressant, a demulsifier, an anti-foam, acorrosion inhibitor, an anti-wear agent, an antioxidant, a rustinhibitor, a thickener or a combination thereof.
 15. The lubricantcomposition of claim 1, wherein the lubricant composition is a motoroil, a transmission fluid, a gear oil, a power steering fluid, a shockabsorber fluid, a brake fluid, a hydraulic fluid or a grease.
 16. Thelubricant composition of claim 15, wherein the lubricant composition isa motor oil.
 17. The lubricant composition of claim 16, wherein themotor oil further comprises a pour point depressant, a detergent, adispersant, an anti-wear, an antioxidant, a friction modifier, a rustinhibitor or a combination thereof.
 18. The lubricant composition ofclaim 15, wherein the lubricant composition is a transmission fluid. 19.The lubricant composition of claim 18, wherein the transmission fluidfurther comprises a friction modifier, a detergent, a dispersant, anantioxidant, an anti-wear agent, an extreme pressure agent, a pour pointdepressant, an anti-foam, a corrosion inhibitor or a combinationthereof.
 20. The lubricant composition of claim 15, wherein thelubricant composition is a gear oil.
 21. The lubricant composition ofclaim 20, wherein the gear oil further comprises an anti-wear, anextreme pressure agent, a rust inhibitor or a combination thereof. 22.The lubricant composition of claim 15, wherein the lubricant compositionis a grease.
 23. The lubricant composition of claim 22, wherein thegrease further comprises a thickener, a complexing agent, anantioxidant, an anti-wear agent, an extreme pressure agent, ananti-foam, a corrosion inhibitor or a mixture thereof.